Projected Changes in Rainy Season Onset, Retreat, and Duration over the Brantas Watershed Using Downscaled CMIP6 Climate Models
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70561/geocelebes.v10i2.53132Kata Kunci:
BCCAQ downscaling, Brantas River Basin, CMIP6, SSP scenarios, Rainy seasonAbstrak
This study evaluates projected changes in rainy-season onset, retreat, duration, and peak timing across the Brantas Watershed, Indonesia, using five downscaled CMIP6 climate models under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. Daily precipitation was downscaled to approximately 0.05° resolution using the BCCAQ method. Rainy-season characteristics were determined using the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG) 10-daily criteria and compared with the accumulated rainfall anomaly method. Historical validation against rain-gauge observations (2000–2014) showed generally better performance for the BMKG method, with onset and retreat RMSE values of approximately 12–22 days. Projections indicated an advance in rainy-season onset of approximately 43–53 days and an increase in duration of 41–58 days relative to the 1981–2014 baseline. Retreat timing remained relatively stable under the BMKG method. However, a statistically significant increasing trend in duration was identified only under SSP5-8.5. The anomaly method showed smaller and less consistent duration changes, ranging from −7.9 to +8.5 days. Peak rainfall timing tended to occur earlier, particularly under SSP5-8.5, although substantial interannual variability persisted. These findings highlight the influence of seasonal determination methods on projected rainfall characteristics and provide relevant information for agricultural planning and water-resource management.
Referensi
Adriat, R., Aprilina, A., Satyawardhana, H., Ihwan, A., & Sutanto, Y. (2025). Identification of variations in the onset of the rainy and dry seasons in Indonesia. Journal of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, 4(2), 102–111. https://doi.org/10.61435/jbes.2025.19960
Bai, L., Shi, C., Li, L., Yang, Y., & Wu, J. (2018). Accuracy of CHIRPS satellite-rainfall products over mainland China. Remote Sensing, 10(3), 362. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10030362
BBWS Brantas. (2011). Profil Wilayah Sungai Brantas. Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai, Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Air, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum. https://sda.pu.go.id/balai/bbwsbrantas/
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 57(1), 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x
BMKG. (2022). Normal standar iklim 1991–2020 (Buku ZOM 9120). Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika. https://iklim.bmkg.go.id/bmkgadmin/storage/buletin/Buku_ZOM9120_versi_cetak.pdf
Bombardi, R. J., Moron, V., & Goodnight, J. S. (2020). Detection, variability, and predictability of monsoon onset and withdrawal dates: A review. International Journal of Climatology, 40(2), 641–667. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6264
Boucher, O., Servonnat, J., Albright, A. L., Aumont, O., Balkanski, Y., Bastrikov, V., Bekki, S., Bonnet, R., Bony, S., Bopp, L., Braconnot, P., Brockmann, P., Cadule, P., Caubel, A., Cheruy, F., Codron, F., Cozic, A., Cugnet, D., D'Andrea, F., Davini, P., de Lavergne, C., Denvil, S., Deshayes, J., Devilliers, M., Ducharne, A., Dufresne, J.-L., Dupont, E., Éthé, C., Fairhead, L., Falletti, L., Flavoni, S., Foujols, M.-A., Gardoll, S., Gastineau, G., Ghattas, J., Grandpeix, J.-Y., Guenet, B., Guez, L. E., Guilyardi, E., Guimberteau, M., Hauglustaine, D., Hourdin, F., Idelkadi, A., Joussaume, S., Kageyama, M., Khodri, M., Krinner, G., Lebas, N., Levavasseur, G., Lévy, C., Li, L., Lott, F., Lurton, T., Luyssaert, S., Madec, G., Madeleine, J.-B., Maignan, F., Marchand, M., Marti, O., Mellul, L., Meurdesoif, Y., Mignot, J., Musat, I., Ottlé, C., Peylin, P., Planton, Y., Polcher, J., Rio, C., Rochetin, N., Rousset, C., Sepulchre, P., Sima, A., Swingedouw, D., Thiéblemont, R., Traore, A. K., Vancoppenolle, M., Vial, J., Vialard, J., Viovy, N., & Vuichard, N. (2020). Presentation and evaluation of the IPSL-CM6A-LR Climate Model. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 12(7), e2019MS002010. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS002010
Cannon, A. J., Sobie, S. R., & Murdock, T. Q. (2015). Bias correction of GCM precipitation by quantile mapping: How well do methods preserve changes in quantiles and extremes? Journal of Climate, 28(17), 6938–6959. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00754.1
Chen, C.-A., Hsu, H- H., & Liang, H.-C. (2021). Evaluation and comparison of CMIP6 and CMIP5 model performance in simulating the seasonal extreme precipitation in the Western North Pacific and East Asia. Weather and Climate Extremes, 31, 100303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2021.100303
Dinku, T., Funk, C., Peterson, P., Maidment, R., Tadesse, T., Gadain, H., & Ceccato, P. (2018). Validation of the CHIRPS satellite rainfall estimates over eastern Africa. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 144, 292–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3244
Dunne, J. P., Horowitz, L. W., Adcroft, A. J., Ginoux, P., Held, I. M., John, J. G., Krasting, J. P., Malyshev, S., Naik, V., Paulot, F., Shevliakova, E., Stock, C. A., Winton, M., Zadeh, N., Balaji, V., Blanton, C., Dunne, K. A., Dupuis, C., Durachta, J., Dupuis, R., Gauthier, P. P. G., Griffies, S. M., Guo, H., Hallberg, R. W., Harrison, M., He, J., Hurlin, W., McHugh, C., Menzel, R., Milly, P. C. D., Nikonov, S., Paynter, D. J., Ploshay, J., Radhakrishnan, A., Rand, K., Reichl, B. G., Robinson, T., Schwarzkopf, D. M., Sentman, L. T., Underwood, S., Vahlenkamp, H., Winton, M., Wittenberg, A. T., Wyman, B., Zeng, Y., & Zhao, M. (2020). The GFDL Earth System Model Version 4.1 (GFDL-ESM4.1): Overall coupled model description and simulation characteristics. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 12(11), e2019MS002015. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS002015
Döscher, R., Acosta, M., Alessandri, A., Anthoni, P., Arsouze, T., Bergman, T., Bernardello, R., Boussetta, S., Caron, L.-P., Carver, G., Castrillo, M., Catalano, F., Cvijanovic, I., Davini, P., Dekker, E., Doblas-Reyes, F. J., Docquier, D., Echevarria, P., Fladrich, U., Fuentes-Franco, R., Gröger, M., von Hardenberg, J., Hi-eronymus, J., Karami, M. P., Keskinen, J.-P., Koenigk, T., Makkonen, R., Massonnet, F., Ménégoz, M., Miller, P. A., Moreno-Chamarro, E., Nieradzik, L., van Noije, T., Nolan, P., O’Donnell, D., Ollinaho, P., van den Oord, G., Ortega, P., Tintó Prims, O., Ramos, A., Reerink, T., Rousset, C., Ruprich-Robert, Y., Le Sager, P., Schmith, T., Schrödner, R., Serva, F., Sicardi, V., Sloth Madsen, M., Smith, B., Tian, T., Tourigny, É., Uotila, P., Vancoppenolle, M., Wang, S., Wårlind, D., Willén, U., Wyser, K., Yang, S., Yepes-Arbós, X., & Zhang, Q. (2022). The EC-Earth3 Earth system model for the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project 6. Geoscientific Model Development, 15(7), 2975–3020. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022
Dunning, C. M., Allan, R. P., & Black, E. (2017). Identification of deficiencies in seasonal rainfall simulated by CMIP5 climate models. Environmental Research Letters, 12, 114001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa869e
Dunning, C. M., Black, E., & Allan, R. P. (2018). Later wet seasons with more intense rainfall over Africa under future climate change. Journal of Climate, 31(23), 9719–9738. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0102.1
Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., & Taylor, K. E. (2016). Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization. Geoscientific Model Development, 9(5), 1937–1958. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016
Ferijal, T., Mechram, S., Fauzi, A., & Ferdiansyah, T. (2025). Performance analysis of satellite-derived precipitation data in Aceh, Indonesia. International Journal of Geoinformatics, 21(7), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.52939/ijg.v21i7.4311
Funk, C., Peterson, P., Landsfeld, M., Pedreros, D., Verdin, J., Shukla, S., Husak, G., Rowland, J., Harrison, L., Hoell, A., & Michaelsen, J. (2015). The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations—a new environmental record for monitoring extremes. Scientific Data, 2, 150066. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2015.66
Gebrechorkos, S. H., Leyland, J., Slater, L., Wortmann, M., Ashworth, P. J., Bennett, G. L., Boothroyd, R., Cloke, H., Delorme, P., Griffith, H., Hardy, R., Hawker, L., McLelland, S., Neal, J., Nicholas, A., Parsons, D. R., Tatem, A. J., Vahidi, E., & Darby, S. E. (2023). A high-resolution daily global dataset of statistically downscaled CMIP6 models for climate impact analyses. Scientific Data, 10, 611. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02528-x
Gupta, R., Prakash, P., & Chembolu, V. (2025). Multi criteria evaluation of downscaled CMIP6 models in predicting precipitation extremes. Atmospheric Research, 315, 107921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107921
Hajima, T., Watanabe, M., Yamamoto, A., Tatebe, H., Noguchi, M. A., Abe, M., Ohgaito, R., Ito, A., Yamazaki, D., Okajima, H., Ito, A., Takata, K., Ogochi, K., Watanabe, S., & Kawamiya, M. (2020). Develop-ment of the MIROC ES2L Earth system model and the evaluation of biogeochemical processes and feedbacks. Geoscientific Model Development, 13(5), 2197–2244. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2197-2020
Hamed, K. H., & Rao, A. R. (1998). A modified Mann-Kendall trend test for autocorrelated data. Journal of Hydrology, 204(1–4), 182–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00125-X
Hariadi, M. H., van der Schrier, G., Steeneveld, G.-J., Sopaheluwakan, A., Tank, A. K., Roberts, M. J., Moine, M.-P., Bellucci, A., Senan, R., Tourigny, E., & Putrasahan, D. (2022). Evaluation of onset, cessation and seasonal precipitation of the Southeast Asia rainy season in CMIP5 regional climate models and HighResMIP global climate models. International Journal of Climatology, 42(5), 3007–3024. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7404
Herlambang, G. A., & Jaelani, L. M. (2026). Assessing future precipitation patterns in the Brantas River Basin through downscaling of CMIP6 GCMs. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1607(1), 012036. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1607/1/012036
IPCC. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896
IPCC. (2023). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (H. Lee & J. Romero, Eds.). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647
Iqbal, Z., Shahid, S., Ahmed, K., Ismail, T., Ziarh, G. F., Chung, E.-S., & Wang, X. (2021). Evaluation of CMIP6 GCM rainfall in mainland Southeast Asia. Atmospheric Research, 254, 105525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105525
Kurniadi, A., Weller, E., Kim, Y.-H., & Min, S.-K. (2023). Evaluation of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 model-simulated extreme precipitation over Indonesia. International Journal of Climatology, 43(1), 174–196. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7744
Kurniadi, A., Weller, E., Salmond, J., & Aldrian, E. (2024). Future projections of extreme rainfall events in Indonesia. International Journal of Climatology, 44(1), 160–182. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8321
Kwawuvi, D., Mama, D., Agodzo, S. K., Hartmann, A., Larbi, I., Bessah, E., Abraham, T., Dotse, S.-Q., & Limantol, A. M. (2022). An investigation into the future changes in rainfall onset, cessation and length of rainy season in the Oti River Basin, West Africa. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 8(4), 5077–5095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01410-w
Lafferty, D. C., & Sriver, R. L. (2023). Downscaling and bias-correction contribute considerable uncertainty to local climate projections in CMIP6. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 6, 158. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00486-0
Liebmann, B., Camargo, S. J., Seth, A., Marengo, J. A., Carvalho, L. M. V., Allured, D., Fu, R., & Vera, C. S. (2007). Onset and end of the rainy season in South America in observations and the ECHAM 4.5 atmospheric general circulation model. Journal of Climate, 20(10), 2037–2050. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4122.1
Liu, S., Raghavan, S. V., Nguyen, N. S., & Ona, B. J. (2022). Evaluations of the sixth phase of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project model performance on precipitation over Southeast Asia based on the moisture budget. International Journal of Climatology, 42(14), 7087–7102. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7631
Liu, S., Raghavan, S. V., Ona, B. J., & Nguyen, N. S. (2023). Bias evaluation in rainfall over Southeast Asia in CMIP6 models. Journal of Hydrology, 621, 129593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129593
Long, Y., Zheng, M., He, H., & Yan, S. (2023). Interannual variabilities in the onset and demise of rainy season: Implications for water management. Water Resources Management, 37(12), 4933–4948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-023-03589-8
Moon, S., & Ha, K.-J. (2020). Future changes in monsoon duration and precipitation using CMIP6. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 3, 45. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-00151-w
Mulsandi, A., Koesmaryono, Y., Hidayat, R., Faqih, A., & Sopaheluwakan, A. (2024). Detecting Indonesian monsoon signals and related features using space–time singular value decomposition (SVD). Atmosphere, 15(2), 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15020187
O'Neill, B. C., Tebaldi, C., van Vuuren, D. P., Eyring, V., Friedlingstein, P., Hurtt, G., Knutti, R., Kriegler, E., Lamarque, J.-F., Lowe, J., Meehl, G. A., Moss, R., Riahi, K., & Sanderson, B. M. (2016). The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6. Geoscientific Model Development, 9(9), 3461–3482. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3461-2016
Paredes-Trejo, F. J., Barbosa, H. A., & Kumar, T. V. L. (2017). Validating CHIRPS-based satellite precipitation estimates in Northeast Brazil. Journal of Arid Environments, 139, 26–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.12.009
Pimonsree, S., Kamworapan, S., Gheewala S. H., Thongbhakdi, A., & Prueksakorn, K. (2023). Evaluation of CMIP6 GCMs for simulating precipitation over Thailand and Indonesia. Atmospheric Research, 282, 106522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106522
Prasetya, R. P., Djuhana, D., Saputro, A. H. H., & Permana, D. S. (2026). Evaluation and ranking of NEX-GDDP-CMIP6 models based on monthly precipitation climatology over Indonesia. Frontiers in Climate, 8, 1748663. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2026.1748663
Raghavan, S. V., Hur, J., & Liong, S.-Y. (2018). Evaluations of NASA NEX-GDDP data over Southeast Asia: Present and future climates. Climatic Change, 148, 503–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2213-3
Rahmawati, N., & Lubczynski, M. W. (2018). Validation of satellite daily rainfall estimates in complex terrain of Bali Island, Indonesia. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 134, 513–532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2290-7
Riahi, K., van Vuuren, D. P., Kriegler, E., Edmonds, J., O'Neill, B. C., Fujimori, S., Bauer, N., Calvin, K., Dellink, R., Fricko, O., Lutz, W., Popp, A., Cuaresma, J. C., KC, S., Leimbach, M., Jiang, L., Kram, T., Rao, S., Emmerling, J., Ebi, K., & Tavoni, M. (2017). The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview. Global Environmental Change, 42, 153–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009
Seland, Ø., Bentsen, M., Olivié, D., Toniazzo, T., Gjermundsen, A., Graff, L. S., Debernard, J. B., Gupta, A. K., He, Y.-C., Kirkevåg, A., Schwinger, J., Tjiputra, J., Aas, K. S., Bethke, I., Fan, Y., Griesfeller, J., Grini, A., Guo, C., Ilicak, M., Karset, I. H. H., Landgren, O., Liakka, J., Moseid, K. O., Nummelin, A., Spensberger, C., Tang, H., Zhang, Z., Heinze, C., Iversen, T., & Schulz, M. (2020). Overview of the Norwayn Earth System Model (NorESM2) and key climate response of CMIP6 simulations. Geoscientific Model Development, 13(12), 6165–6200. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020
Shakeel, M., Abbas, H., Ali, Z., Tariq, A., Almazroui, M., & Kader, S. (2025). A novel framework for future drought characterization under ranked-based subset selection and weighted aggregative multi-modal ensemble of global climate models. Journal of Environmental Management, 392, 126692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126692
Shrestha, B. B., Rasmy, M., Ushiyama, T., Acierto, R. A., Kawamoto, T., Fujikane, M., Shinya, T., & Kubota, K. (2025). Assessment of future risk of agricultural crop production under climate and social changes scenarios: A case of the Solo River basin in Indonesia. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 18(1), e13052. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.13052
Sudarman, G. G., Hadi, T. W., Ningsih, N. S., Sopaheluwakan, A., Syahputra, M. R., & Marpaung, F. (2024). Nonstationary changes in annual rainfall over Indonesia’s maritime continent. Advances in Meteorology, 2024, 9392844. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9392844
Supari, Tangang, F., Salimun, E., Aldrian, E., Sopaheluwakan, A., & Juneng, L. (2018). ENSO modulation of seasonal rainfall and extremes in Indonesia. Climate Dynamics, 51, 2559–2580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-4028-8
Supari, S., Tangang, F., Juneng, L., Cruz, F., Chung, J. X., Ngai, S. T., Salimun, E., Mohd, M. S. F., Santisirisomboon, J., Singhruck, P., PhanVan, T., Ngo-Duc, T., Narisma, G., Aldrian, E., Gunawan, D., & Sopaheluwakan, A. (2020). Multi-model projections of precipitation extremes in Southeast Asia based on CORDEX-Southeast Asia simulations. Environmental Research, 184, 109350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109350
Taguela, T. N., Raji, I., Akinsanola, A. A., Singhai, P., Adeyeri, O. E., Wainwright, C. M., & Barimalala, R. (2026). Impacts of 1.5°C and 2.0°C global warming on the onset, cessation, and length of the rainy season in global land monsoon regions. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 43, 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-025-4386-9
Tebaldi, C., Debeire, K., Eyring, V., Fischer, E., Fyfe, J., Friedlingstein, P., Knutti, R., Lowe, J., O'Neill, B., Sanderson, B., van Vuuren, D., Riahi, K., Meinshausen, M., Nicholls, Z., Tokarska, K. B., Hurtt, G., Kriegler, E., Lamarque, J.-F., Meehl, G., Moss, R., Bauer, S. E., Boucher, O., Brovkin, V., Byun, Y.-H., Dix, M., Gualdi, S., Guo, H., John, J. G., Kharin, S., Kim, Y.H., Koshiro, T., Ma, L., Olivié, D., Panickal, S., Qiao, F., Rong, X., Rosenbloom, N., Schupfner, M., Séférian, R., Sellar, A., Semmler, T., Shi, X., Song, Z., Steger, C., Stouffer, R., Swart, N., Tachiiri, K., Tang, Q., Tatebe, H., Voldoire, A., Volodin, E., Wyser, K., Xin, X., Yang, S., Yu, Y., & Ziehn, T. (2021). Climate model projections from the Scenario Model Intercom-parison Project (ScenarioMIP) of CMIP6. Earth System Dynamics, 12(1), 253-293. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-253-2021
Werner, A. T., & Cannon, A. J. (2016). Hydrologic extremes – an intercomparison of multiple gridded statistical downscaling methods. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 20(4), 1483–1508. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1483-2016
Wiwoho, B. S., Astuti, I. S., Alfarizi, I. A. G., & Sucahyo, H. R. (2021). Validation of three daily satellite rainfall products in a humid tropic watershed, Brantas, Indonesia: Implications to land characteristics and hydrological modelling. Hydrology, 8(4), 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8040154
Wiwoho, B. S., Astuti, I. S., Purwanto, P., Deffinika, I., Alfarizi, I. A. G., Sucahyo, H. R., Gusti, R., Herwanto, M. T., & Herlambang, G. A. (2023). Assessing long-term rainfall trends and changes in a tropical watershed Brantas, Indonesia: An approach for quantifying the agreement among satellite-based rainfall data, ground rainfall data, and small-scale farmers questionnaires. Natural Hazards, 117, 2535–2562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-05969-0
Wiwoho, B. S., Dargusch, P., & Astuti, I. S. (2025). An analysis of rainfall variability and its association with agricultural productivity in the Brantas River Basin, Indonesia: Insights from a 26-year analysis. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 25(4), 100674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2025.100674
Yulizar, Y., & Asdak, C. (2025). The joint variation of temperature and precipitation across Indonesia: A seasonal and regional analysis. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 156(11), Article 624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05872-7
Zabihi, O., & Ahmadi, A. (2024). Multi-criteria evaluation of CMIP6 precipitation and temperature simulations over Iran. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 52, 101707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.101707
Unduhan
Diterbitkan
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 JURNAL GEOCELEBES
Artikel ini berlisensiCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
