Hasanuddin Journal of Animal Science (HAJAS)
Hasanuddin Journal of Animal Science (HAJAS) is an international, open-access, peer-reviewed journal published twice yearly by the Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia. HAJAS focuses on advancing knowledge and innovation in tropical farm animal science, linking global research with challenges and opportunities in tropical livestock production systems. The journal publishes original research and reviews across a wide range of disciplines including breeding and genetics, reproduction, nutrition, feed science, biotechnology, animal welfare, and livestock management, as well as socio-economic and policy aspects. Through rigorous peer review, open access, and a strong regional perspective, HAJAS aims to promote sustainable and climate-resilient animal production relevant to tropical regions worldwide.
Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
In Vitro Development and Gene Expression of Pig Embryos Cloned from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Embryonic Fibroblasts
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pigs remains inefficient, mainly due to incomplete nuclear reprogramming of donor cells. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have been proposed as promising nuclear donors, but their developmental competence in porcine SCNT is unclear. This study compared the in vitro developmental ability of embryos reconstructed with porcine embryonic fibroblasts (PEFs) or porcine iPS (piPS) cells. Developmental rates, total and epiblast cell numbers were assessed in SCNT, in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and parthenogenetic activation (PA) embryos. The effect of oocyte activation status on piPS-derived SCNT embryos was also examined. Expression of well-known pluripotency transcription factor genes OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, c-MYC, and KLF4 were quantified by quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Results showed cleavage and blastocyst formation rates of piPS-derived embryos (55.0% and 14.6%) were comparable to PEF-derived SCNT, IVF, and ICSI, while PA embryos showed significantly higher rates (67.8% and 44.5%). Non-activated oocytes yielded higher development than activated ones. Blastocyst cell numbers were similar across groups; however, SCNT embryos contained fewer epiblast cells than IVF and PA. qRT-PCR showed markedly reduced OCT4, comparable SOX2, NANOG, and c-MYC, and higher KLF4 in NT and PA embryos than IVF. The results conclude that piPS cells can serve as nuclear donors but do not improve cloning efficiency compared with fibroblasts. Aberrant lineage allocation and dysregulated gene expression suggest incomplete reprogramming, highlighting the need for improved piPS quality. Key words: induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), pig, nuclear transfer
Copyright (c) 2026 N. S. Machebe, T. Tani, S. Shimizu, M. Hata, K. Ohata, T. Fukuda, D. Hufana-Duran, Y. Kato https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Mixed Cropping Between Zea maize and Arachis pintoi on the Nutrient Content of Grain and Straw
ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mixed cropping of maize (Zea mays) with pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi) on the nutrient content of maize grain and straw. A randomized group design (RGD) was employed with five treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of P0 (100% maize), P1 (80% maize + 20% legume), P2 (50% maize + 50% legume), P3 (20% maize + 80% legume), and P4 (100% legume). The parameters observed included crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content of maize grain and straw. Analysis of variance revealed that mixed cropping had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the nutritional composition of both maize grain and straw. In conclusion, intercropping maize with Arachis pintoi does not significantly influence the nutritional quality of maize under the conditions of this study. Keywords: Arachis pintoi, maize feed, mixed cropping, production
Copyright (c) 2026 A. N. I. Insani, M Mariam, M. Yusuf, S. Sudarsono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Identification of Forage Potential for Grazing in Latimojong, Luwu, South Sulawesi
The objective of this study was to identify botanical composition, diversity, and forage production. This study was conducted in Kadundung village and Boneposi village, Latimojong subdistrict, Luwu regency. This study is classified as descriptive research using qualitative and quantitative approaches, through observational surveys and documentation studies. The parameters in this study include botani, biodiversitas, and forage production. The results showed that the average percentage of botanical composition in Kadundung Village was: grasses 48.29%, legumes 14.59%, and other plants 37.12%. Forage production yielded a fresh weight of 4.18 tons/ha/year, and the biodiversity richness index (4.20), diversity index (0.84), and evenness index (0.28) were measured, with a carrying capacity of 0.17 AU/ha/year. Meanwhile, the average percentage of botanical composition in Boneposi Village was: grasses 45.32%, legumes 16.52%, and other plants 38.16%. Forage production yielded a fresh weight of 4.36 tons/hectare/year, and the biodiversity richness index (2.90), diversity index (0.82), and evenness index (0.24). Therefore, botanical composition, vegetation diversity, and forage production are still. These findings underscore the importance of an integrated approach to grassland management that accounts for seasonal patterns to maintain ecological balance and sustain year-round grassland productivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Akbar, B. Budiman, R. Islamiyati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Forecasting of Beef Cattle Population in Sinjai Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
One of the weaknesses of the livestock sector management in Indonesia, particularly in Sinjai Regency, is the lack of population data. The available data so far mostly consists of general beef cattle population data without clear population structure details. To understand the development of the beef cattle population, a forecasting approach based on various beef cattle population data in Sinjai Regency is necessary. This study aims to analyze the structure and dynamics of the beef cattle population and calculate the predicted population development of beef cattle in Sinjai Regency. This research uses a case study method with purposive location selection. The beef cattle population dynamics data were processed using the time series forecasting method, specifically exponential smoothing with α = 0.9, based on annual data over 10 years from 2015 to 2024. The results show that if the data behavior remains the same as the actual data from the past 10 years, the overall structure of the beef cattle population in Sinjai Regency consists of fewer male cattle compared to female cattle. The forecasted beef cattle population in Sinjai Regency for 2025–2034 varies and tends to increase year by year, except for a decline in population in 2033 due to technical constraints in the development of beef cattle by the community in the field. Keywords: Forecasting, Population, Beef Cattle, Sinjai Regency.
Copyright (c) 2026 N. Rahmi, A. Asnawi, Muh Ridwan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Feeding Graded Levels of Adansonia digitata (Tebaldi) Seed Cake on the Performance of Broiler Chicks
The study was designed to determine the effects of feeding graded levels of Adansonia digitata (Tebaldi) seed cake on the performance of broiler chicks. One week old, two hundred unsexed broiler chicks of the Ross 308 strain were randomly allotted to four treatments in a 4x5x10 arrangement. Four experimental broiler rations, semi-isocaloric semi-isonitrogenous, were formulated with ascending levels of A. digitata seed cake replacing performed total crude protein content of the diet percentage-wise as 0, 5, 10, and 15% and designated as rations A, B, C, and D respectively with ration A serving as the control. Experimental feeding was continued for 42 days on an ad-libitum basis, allowing for an initial adaptation feeding period of one week. The first three days of this adaptation used the pre-starter ration, then four days on the control diet before feeding the experimental rations. Data collected included daily feed intake (g), body weight (g), calculated protein intake and efficiency, energy intake (Mcal ME /Kg), and feed conversion ratio. An economic appraisal was run for the experiment. The highest daily feed intake (106.30), live weight gain (60.50), improved feed conversion ratio (01.70), highest cold carcass weight (02.44), and dressing percentage (66.10) were recorded by group B (5% Tebaldi) compared to the other groups. Group C (10% Tebaldi) gave the highest profitability, 97.22%. Adansonia digitata seed cake can be fed to broiler chicks up to 10% of the ration without adverse effects on the performance and with maximized profitability ratios of 1.3 -1.7 over the control. Keywords: Adansonia digitata seed cake, Broiler chickens, Feed conversion ratio, Growth performance, Carcass yield
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Y. Altaher, R. Malaka, W. Pakiding, S. Purwanti, E. A. Amin, R. W. Kadir, S. N. Waqiah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimizing Nutrient Supply for Dwarf Elephant Grass in Shaded Pine Forest
Pine forest undergrowth in tropical regions often remains underutilized despite its potential to alleviate forage deficits for ruminant livestock. This study explored whether moderate NPK fertilization could enhance the growth and quality of dwarf elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott). A Completely Randomized Design was employed to test four fertilization levels (0 (T0), 3 g (T1), 6 g (T2), and 9 g (T3) of NPK per cutting) in a pine canopy environment, with each treatment replicated three times. Key data included the stem-to-leaf ratio, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF). Soil nutrient status and microclimate (light intensity, temperature) were also monitored. Statistical analysis utilized ANOVA followed by multiple range tests. The results show that moderate fertilization rates (3 g and 6 g) increased leaf growth, yielding significantly lower stem-to-leaf ratios than the control and the highest fertilizer treatment (9 g). Moreover, NDF and ADF values rose with escalating fertilizer rates; at 9 g, fiber content was notably elevated, suggesting a decline in forage digestibility. Moderate NPK fertilization effectively leverages pine forest undergrowth to produce high-quality forage by enhancing leaf growth without excessively increasing fiber content. Keywords: dwarf elephant grass, fertilizer, forage quality, pine forest
Copyright (c) 2026 A. Irsyammawati, I. Subagiyo, V. Afrilia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Ejaculation Frequency on Semen Quality of Bali Cattle
Semen quality is influenced by the frequency of ejaculation, which is significant to semen characteristics. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of ejaculation frequency on the quality of fresh Bali cattle semen, which includes volume, motility, and concentration of spermatozoa at the AI Center Pucak Maros. This study used secondary data from production records (recording) derived from 5 Bali cattle males, with a frequency of ejaculation of 2 times. The results showed that the frequency of ejaculation was statistically significantly different (P<0.05) in semen volume in males 11442 and 11434; the percentage of motility was significantly different (P<0.05) in male 11539; and the concentration of spermatozoa was significantly different (P<0.05) in males 11442, 11434, and 11539. The correlation coefficients for the three quality parameters showed negative correlations between semen volume and motility (R=-0.531) and concentration (R=-0.414), whereas motility and concentration were positively correlated (R=0.740). In conclusion, the second ejaculation has an impact on increasing semen volume but will reduce the percentage of motility and concentration of spermatozoa. Keywords: ejaculation frequency, Balinese cattle, volume, motility, concentration
Copyright (c) 2026 A. Tamiyadi, M. Yusuf, S. Sahiruddin, A.M. Diansyah, M. Masturi, A.T. Nurgina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Characteristics of Chicken Meatballs with the Addition of White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)
Processed products in the form of gels made from meat protein, can be beef, chicken, or fish are meatballs which are made from ground beef with additives such as salt, tapioca flour and spices. This study was intended to investigate the dosage of white oyster mushroom supplementation on the quality characteristics of chicken meatballs. This study adopted a complete randomized design (CRD) with a dose of oyster mushroom supplementation which included 4 (four) treatments, namely A = 0%, B = 15%, C = 25% and D = 35% with 5 repetitions and 20 experimental units were obtained. The research variables included yield, ash content, and sensory analysis (color, taste, aroma, and texture). The results indicated that different levels of white oyster mushroom addition (0%, 15%, 25%, 35%) did not have a significant (P>0.05) effect on the color, taste, and texture of the meatballs but had a significant impact (P<0.05) on the yield and ash content as well as the sensory aroma of chicken meatballs. The highest-quality chicken meatballs were obtained with a 35% white oyster mushroom supplement, with product characteristics of ash content 1.69%, yield 94.6%, aroma 3.58, color 3.54, taste 3.20, and texture 3.70.
Copyright (c) 2025 C. Anwar, Irhami, I. R. Aprita, Irmayanti, M. Kemalawaty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Physicochemical Properties of Chicken Nuggets with Various Types of Flour Substitutes and Carrot Addition
This study aimed to analyze the effect of using wheat flour, breadfruit flour, and a combination of both, as well as the addition of carrots, on the quality of chicken nuggets. This study was conducted in two experimental stages using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Stage I used a 3x4 factorial RAL pattern with 3 repetitions. Factor A (Type of flour) consisted of wheat flour (X), a mixture of wheat flour and breadfruit flour (Y), and breadfruit flour (Z). Factor B (flour level) included 7.5%; 15%; 22.5%; and 30%. Stage II used a single-factor RAL with four treatments of carrot addition levels (P): 7.5%; 15%; 22.5%; and 30%, each repeated three times. The research parameters included cooking loss, meat shear force, and water holding capacity (stage I) as well as cooking loss, meat shear force, water holding capacity, dietary fiber, and β-carotene (stage II). Phase I research showed that the type and level of flour had a very significant effect (P<0.05) on water holding capacity and meat shear force. The use of 15% breadfruit flour and 30% carrot gave the best results in cooking loss (5.00%), β-carotene (245.13 µg/100g), and dietary fiber (5.82%). Keywords: Nuggets, breadfruit flour, carrots, physicochemical properties
Copyright (c) 2026 A. A. Simollah, H. Hikmah, M.I. Said https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Meat Quality Assessment for Meatball Production: Influence of Sales Volume Category and Location
Meat is an essential food ingredient for meeting people's nutritional needs. According to the 2023 meat outlook data, 79.51% of total beef and 35.47% of total chicken meat are utilized by the food industry. Variations in meatball product quality may result from differences in the quality of meat raw materials. This study aims to evaluate the quality of meatball raw materials sold in the markets of Makassar City. This research employed a comparative observational design by collecting 100gram samples of chicken meat and frozen meat/heart from six meat sellers. The samples were then analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by an LSD test to determine significant differences. The results revealed that the factors of trader type, location, and the interaction significantly affected (P<0.05) on the pH value, tenderness, and color of the meat. The factors of Trader type and location significantly affected (P<0.05) the cooking shrinkage of the meat. While the interaction showed no significant effect (P>0.05) on the cooking shrinkage of the meat. Trader type significantly affected (P<0.05) the a* color value of the meat, while location and its interaction showed no significant effect (P>0.05) on a*. Trader type showed no significant effect (P>0.05) on the b* color value of the meat, while location and its interaction had significant effects (P<0.05) on the b* color value of the meat. These results indicate that large traders tend to have better meat quality than small traders, with higher average pH and tenderness and lower cooking shrinkage. Keywords: Meat Quality; Meatballs; Traditional Market
Copyright (c) 2025 W. A. I. Hassani, H. Hikmah, F. Maruddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Colour’s Profile of Longissimus Dorsi Beef at Different Kluwek Addition Levels and Marinating Times
Beef is a common food in everyday life. The longissimus dorsi muscle, known as rib eye, is one of the primary cuts of beef due to its tenderness and marbling, making it highly valued for culinary purposes. Meanwhile, kluwek (Pangium edule), a plant widely found in Southeast Asia and known locally as kepayang, is traditionally used as an antioxidant, preservative, and natural colouring agent in food preparation. This study aims to analyze the colour profile of Longissimus dorsi beef by evaluating the effects of different levels of kluwek addition and marination times. The experiment was designed using a 5x4 factorial pattern with three replications. The first factor was the kluwek level (L1 = 0%, L2 = 2%, L3 = 4%, L4 = 6%), and the second factor was the marination time (W0 = 0 minutes, W1 = 30 minutes, W2 = 60 minutes, W3 = 90 minutes, W4 = 120 minutes). Results indicated that the lightness (L*) of the beef was significantly affected (P<0.05) by the addition of 6% kluwek, with an interaction observed between kluwek levels and marination times. Redness (a*) was not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by any of the treatments, while yellowness (b*) was significantly reduced (P<0.05) with the addition of 6% kluwek. In conclusion, adding 6% kluwek effectively alters the lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) of the beef, while redness (a*) remains stable. This study highlights the potential of kluwek, a local ingredient, to enhance the visual properties of beef during marination. Keywords: Kluwek, Longissimus dorsi, Marinating time
Copyright (c) 2025 A. D. Wicaksono, A. Nur, I. Irwan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Implementation Analysis of the Marketing Mix Strategy for the Begos Restaurant, Makassar City
This study aims to analyze the implementation of the 7P marketing mix strategy (Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, Physical Evidence) at Bebek Goyang Sulawesi Restaurant in Makassar City. A descriptive research method with a qualitative approach was employed, where data were collected through interviews and questionnaires administered to management and consumers. The findings reveal that most marketing mix elements have been effectively implemented, particularly regarding product quality, strategic location, and digital media promotions. However, some areas require improvement, such as the pricing strategy, which is perceived as less competitive, and the cleanliness of physical facilities. From the consumers' perspective, the "People" and "Process" elements received high ratings, while the "Price" and "Physical Evidence" elements still need enhancement. This study provides recommendations to improve customer satisfaction through refining pricing strategies, enhancing cleanliness, and innovating promotional efforts. The findings are expected to serve as a reference for the management of Bebek Goyang Sulawesi Restaurant in optimizing its marketing strategy to achieve a competitive advantage in the increasingly competitive culinary industry. Keywords: Competitive advantage, consumer perspective, culinary industry, marketing mix implementation, strategic pricing
Copyright (c) 2025 A. Gumelar, M. Ridwan, H. Hastang, B. Bahtiar, W. Windiana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prebiotic, Probiotic, and Synbiotic Effect on Performance and Small Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chicken
The study was conducted to investigate the effect of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic supplementation through drinking water on broiler performance and small intestine morphology. A total of 100 day-old broiler chicks (Ross) were randomly allocated into 4 treatments with 5 replicates, with 5 broilers in each experimental unit for 35 days. The drinking water treatments were P0: Water (Control); P1: Water + Prebiotic (5 g/L); P2: Water + Probiotic (3 g/L); P3: Water + Synbiotic (Probiotic 3 g/L + prebiotic 5 g/L). Commercial feed consisting of the three rearing phases was used during the study, and drinking water was provided ad libitum. Parameters measured were water and feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion, performance index, small intestine morphometry, which is measured by the length/weight ratio, and Histo-morphometry of the small intestine of individual segments, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum at the end of the experiment on 3 chicken samples (lightest, medium, heavy) from each treatment. The results showed that prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic supplementation through drinking water significantly (P<0.05) affected drinking water and feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion, length/weight ratio, and histo-morphology of the small intestine. Overall, it can be concluded that synbiotic supplementation demonstrated a synergistic effect between prebiotics and probiotics, outperforming prebiotic and probiotic supplementation separately in terms of performance, small intestine ratio, and small intestine histomorphology. Synbiotics also significantly showed a trend towards feed use efficiency, as seen in feed conversion. Keywords: Broiler Chicken, Natural Growth Promotor, Performance Index, Intestinal Gut Ratio, and Intestinal Histomorphometry
Copyright (c) 2025 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Calcium Carbonate Content and Proximate Composition of Chicken Eggshell Flour at Different Oven Temperatures
Eggshells, a common household waste product, are rich in calcium carbonate, which constitutes approximately 90% of their composition. The weight of an eggshell typically accounts for 9-12% of the total egg weight. In Indonesia, calcium intake is still relatively low compared to the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 1000-1200 mg/day, leading to deficiencies that affect bone health and increase the risk of diseases such as osteoporosis. This study aims to explore the potential of chicken eggshell waste as a valuable source of calcium carbonate, an abundant yet underutilized material. While eggshell waste can contribute to environmental pollution due to microbial activity, its recycling offers a sustainable solution. By converting eggshells into flour, food products can be enriched with calcium. For instance, eggshell flour at a 0.4% concentration has been successfully incorporated into various food products such as baked puddings, ice cream, cakes, muffins, yeast rolls, popovers, and mayonnaise. Studies have shown that this addition significantly increases calcium content without affecting the taste or cooking quality of the food. The primary objective of this research is to produce calcium carbonate from chicken eggshell waste, thus providing a sustainable approach to waste recycling and creating a valuable, nutritious product. The findings of this study could have significant benefits for the community by reducing waste, particularly from chicken eggshells, while transforming them into a beneficial resource for human health. Keywords: Waste, eggshell, calcium carbonate
Copyright (c) 2025 E. M. Ningrum, R.H. Suharto, A.M.F. Al Kautsar, M.A. Hakim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Preservation of Eggs Using Chitosan and Its Application in Angel Cake
Eggs are easily damaged because of their high nutritional content, particularly their protein content. Therefore, preservation methods are necessary, with one such method involving the use of chitosan to prolong the freshness of the eggs while preserving their quality. This study aimed to assess and compare the efficacy of chitosan in maintaining the quality of purebred chicken eggs when stored at room temperature and its application in processed angel cake products. The experimental approach employed for egg preservation was a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments (P0 = no treatment, P1 = 1% chitosan solution, P2 = 2% chitosan solution, and P3 = 3% chitosan solution), replicated five times. The data underwent variance analysis, followed by Duncan's test to ascertain the impact of chitosan on egg preservation and product quality. The results revealed a significant effect (P<0.05) of chitosan solution on egg weight loss, Haugh unit, yolk index, and egg pH. Notably, 3% chitosan was more effective in maintaining egg quality than 1% and 2% chitosan coatings. In the 3% treatment, egg weight loss only experienced a shrinkage of 2.57% or 1.67 g from the initial egg weight. Haugh Unit of 65.57, yolk index of 0.41, and egg pH of 7.98. Additionally, angel cake products made from preserved eggs using chitosan exhibited significant differences (P < 0.05) compared to those made from fresh eggs. The panelists preferred the texture and organoleptic attributes of the angel cake prepared with chitosan-preserved eggs. Keywords: Chitosan, egg interior quality, angel cakes, texture profile
Copyright (c) 2025 N.A.I.S. Bani, W. Hatta, N. Nahariah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Physiological Response and Productivity of Indigofera Zollingeriana Mutant-2 After Salinity Stress with Different Defoliation
ABSTRACT The cultivation of Indigofera zollingeriana is carried out using coastal areas to develop livestock farming, and the genetic structure of the plant can be altered through gamma irradiation technology to enhance the level of tolerance and resilience. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the physiological response and productivity of Indigofera zollingeriana mutant-2 plant at several doses of gamma irradiation. A separate plot method was used based on a completely randomized design (CRD). The main plot comprised defoliation duration for 40 (B1) and 70 days (B2), while the subplot consisted of gamma irradiation with dose treatment description A1= Control, A2= 100 Gy, and A3= 200 Gy. Physiological parameters of the Indigofera zollingeriana plant consisted of leaf area, index, proline, chlorophyll, and stomata. Meanwhile, productivity parameters, there are dry matter, total leaf, total branch, and stem ratio, were examined using the analysis of variance. The physiological responses of chlorophyll and stomata parameters were also reported in relation to the dose of gamma irradiation (P<0.05) and age of defoliation (P<0.05), respectively. In this context, gamma irradiation treatment affected productivity, specifically in terms of dry matter (P < 0.05). The interaction between the doses had a significant effect on the total branch of Indigofera zollingeriana mutant-2 (P<0.05). The results showed that a dose of 200 Gy of gamma irradiation, with defoliation 70 days after uniform pruning, was the most effective in providing physiological responses and plant productivity. Indigofera zollingeriana, Irradiation, Defoliation Age, Physiology, Productivity
Copyright (c) 2025 A.P. Muarif, M. Nadir, S. Syahrir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Milk Quality, Curd, and Whey Percentages of Holstein Friesian Cows at Different Lactation Phases
The lactation phase of dairy cows is very important in determining the quality of milk produced. The lactation phase is divided into three phases: early, mid, and late lactation. The objective of this study was to determine the milk quality and percentage of curd and whey of Holstein Friesian dairy cows at different lactation phases. This study was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 5 replicates of each treatment. The treatments in this study were P1 = early lactation, P2 = middle lactation, and P3 = late lactation. The research data were processed through the SPSS application using the ANOVA test, and if there was a difference between treatments, it would be further tested using the Duncan test. The lactation phase significantly affected (P < 0.05) the fat content and curd production of Holstein Friesian cow milk, but did not significantly affect the protein content, pH, specific gravity (SG), and viscosity of Holstein Friesian cow milk. The lactation phase has a significant impact on the milk quality and percentage of curd and whey in Holstein Friesian dairy cows. It has been observed that during the late lactation phase, the milk quality tends to be higher, which is a noteworthy finding for dairy farmers. Keywords: Phase of lactation, physical quality, chemical quality, curd, and whey
Weed Fermentation in Islamic Agriculture: Improving Forage Production in Smallholder Farming
This study aimed to identify potential weed species suitable as raw materials for fermentation technology in producing nutrient-rich organic fertilizers, thereby linking sustainable agricultural innovation with Islamic environmental ethics. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed with four treatments based on the volume of fermented weed-based fertilizer (0, 30, 40, and 50 mL) and three replications, resulting in a total of 36 experimental units. Observed parameters included plant height, leaf area, and chlorophyll content, while forage quality was analyzed through neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) composition. Results showed that weed fermentation had no significant effect on plant growth (P > 0.05) but significantly improved forage quality (P < 0.01) across fertilizer doses. Fermented weed-based fertilizer thus proved effective for enhancing the nutrient quality of green fodder sustainably. This research introduces a novel integration of weed fermentation technology and Islamic ethical principles, providing an innovative model for eco-friendly and faith-aligned agricultural practices. Keywords: Weed fermentation; organic fertilizer; forage quality; sustainable agriculture; Islamic agricultural ethics
Milk Caramel Candy Quality by Added Sugar and Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var rubrum)
Caramel candy or toffee is a confectionery product made from basic sugar, glucose syrup, milk, fat, and salt ingredients. Sugar plays a role in the formation of brown color and caramelization, while the addition of red ginger acts as a flavor enhancer for caramel candy. The reaction results in the production of melanoid and antioxidant compounds. It also affects the taste, texture, aroma, and appeal of caramel candy. This research aimed to analyze the effects of the use and interaction of sugar and red ginger on antioxidants, organoleptic tests, and color L*, as well as chemical (reducing sugar and water content) changes in caramel candy products. This research design used a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern, with factor A adding sugar (0, 5, 10, 15) %; factor B adding red ginger juice (0, 2, 4, 6) %. This research shows that sugar and ginger juice can increase the A* color value, ginger taste, caramel taste, color, ginger, and caramel aroma. Meanwhile, increasing sugar and ginger juice can reduce the L* color value, antioxidant activity, and water content. Adding 15% sugar and 4% red ginger juice is the best for making red ginger juice. Keywords: Milk caramel candy, red ginger juice, sugar, physicochemical quality
The Implementation of Social Entrepreneurship in Participatory Breeding Program of Bali Cattle in Barru Regency
Rural development plays a crucial role in strengthening a nation’s economy, with the agricultural sector serving as a key driver of growth. Among its sub-sectors, the livestock industry, particularly cattle farming, requires continuous improvement. Barru Regency in South Sulawesi is recognized as a national center for beef cattle development and breeding; however, rural cattle farming in the area still faces challenges that threaten its sustainability. The Maiwa Breeding Center (MBC) represents an innovative cattle-breeding partnership program designed to empower smallholder farmers through sustainable business practices. This study employed a qualitative exploratory approach to analyze the implementation of social entrepreneurship elements within MBC’s Participatory Breeding Program. Data were obtained from 32 purposively selected informants through interviews, observations, and literature review. The results show that MBC demonstrates all key elements of social entrepreneurship: social value creation through increased farmer income and capacity; civil society built on trust, networks, and shared norms; social innovation in mentorship, profit-sharing, and marketing; and economic activity through business skill development, financial access, and product diversification. This study introduces a novel framework linking social entrepreneurship and sustainable livestock development, demonstrating how participatory breeding programs can effectively strengthen rural economies in tropical regions. Keywords: Maiwa Breeding Center, social entrepreneurship, breeding program, Barru Regency
Correlation Between Blood Metabolite Profile and Spermatozoa Quality in Bali Semen by Micronutrient Addition
The hematological profile and blood metabolite status are indicators of the physiological condition of livestock. This study aimed to determine the correlation between blood metabolite profiles (blood glucose and cholesterol) and sperm quality (motility and abnormality) in fresh Bali bull semen. Blood collection and semen sampling were conducted twice a week for 5 weeks. The collected blood and fresh semen were evaluated from two treatments: before and after the addition of micronutrients (including Zn, Se, and Vitamin E) in the feed. The parameters observed in this study were blood metabolite profiles (blood glucose and cholesterol levels) and sperm quality (percentage (%) motility and % abnormality of spermatozoa) before and after the addition of micronutrients. The data obtained were analyzed using simple linear regression and correlation tests. The results of this study showed that both treatments had a correlation between blood metabolite profiles and sperm quality in fresh Bali bull semen. Blood glucose levels correlated with sperm motility in fresh Bali bull semen, and good sperm motility values were obtained in all treatments before and after micronutrient administration in the feed. Cholesterol levels correlated with sperm abnormalities in fresh Bali bull semen, and all treatments before and after micronutrient addition in the feed showed abnormality values above the standard value. The blood metabolite profile (glucose and cholesterol) correlates with spermatozoa quality (motility and abnormalities) in fresh semen from Bali bull, where the addition of micronutrients in feed can increase spermatozoa motility but is not effective in suppressing the decrease in spermatozoa abnormalities. Keywords: Blood metabolite, blood sugar, cholesterol, spermatozoa quality
Assessment of Stabilizer Potential of Porang Flour and Maize Starch on Antioxidant Activity and Physicochemical Characteristics Ice Cream
Ice cream is a semi-frozen food made from milk or milk products, sweeteners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, and added flavors. Many ice cream product developments have been carried out to improve the quality of ice cream. One of them is the addition of stabilizers that maintain emulsions and enhance the softness of ice cream products. They can prevent the formation of large ice crystals in ice cream, provide uniformity of product texture, and provide resistance so that it does not melt easily. The purpose of this study was to analyze ice cream's antioxidant activity and physicochemical quality using different types and amounts of stabilizers (porang flour and cornstarch). This research method uses a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 levels of treatment with 3 replicates each. The treatment used in this study is the use of porang flour and cornstarch stabilizer at different concentrations, including; A1: 100% cornstarch; A2: Combination of 25% porang flour and 75% cornstarch; A3: Combination of 50% porang flour and 50% cornstarch; A4: Combination of 75% porang flour and 25% cornstarch; A5: 100% porang flour. The results showed that the treatment of the use of stabilizer combination of porang flour and cornstarch had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on ice cream testing parameters, including antioxidant activity and viscosity. Using a stabilizer combination of porang flour and cornstarch has no effect (P>0.05) on ice cream testing parameters, such as taste, texture, liking, melting power, and overrun. Treatment (A4) combines 75% porang flour and 25% cornstarch as stabilizers in ice cream. Keywords: Ice cream, stabilizer, antioxidant activity, physicochemical quality
Comparative Analysis of Broiler Chicken Productivity in Relation to the El Niño and La Niña
This study aims to analyze the impact of El Niño and La Niña on the productivity of broiler chickens in Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi. The research was conducted in June 2024 using data from broiler farms that implement a close-house system. The research method involved collecting broiler productivity data, including feed consumption, weight gain (WG), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), mortality, and Performance Index (PI), as well as climate data such as temperature, rainfall, and humidity. The results showed significant differences in broiler productivity between the El Niño and La Niña periods. During La Niña, feed consumption (0.098 kg/bird/day) and WG (0.063 kg/bird/day) were higher compared to the El Niño period (0.088 kg/bird/day and 0.057 kg/bird/day). FCR remained stable (1.5) in both conditions, indicating consistent feed conversion efficiency. Mortality was slightly higher during La Niña (5.11%) than El Niño (4.80%). The Performance Index (PI) was higher during La Niña (393) than El Niño (360), indicating better overall productivity. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that climate variables (La Niña intensity, temperature, rainfall, and humidity) did not significantly affect the PI. A SWOT analysis identified an offensive strategy as the optimal approach, leveraging the strengths of the closed house system and the growing market opportunities. The conclusion of this study indicates that although there are productivity differences between El Niño and La Niña periods, the use of closed-house technology helps maintain production stability. This research highlights the importance of technological adaptation in addressing climate variability to sustain broiler farm productivity. Keywords: El Nino, La Nina, broiler productivity, close house, climate variability
Heat Shock Protein Gene Expression Analysis in Extensively Reared Indigenous Wad Goats
This study investigated the expression patterns of HSP90 and HSP70 genes, which encode heat shock proteins, using 45 genomic DNA samples isolated from West African Dwarf (WAD) goats in Nigeria. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of each marker was evaluated to determine its level of informativeness. DNA samples were collected from apparently healthy WAD goats in Osun, Oyo, and Kwara States under field heat-stress conditions, with ambient temperature and relative humidity recorded at the time of sampling. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was performed using primers specific for each heat shock protein gene, and the PCR products were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on an ABI 3730 DNA Sequencer. Allelic variation was assessed using Microsatellite Analyzer software to generate allele frequencies. The results revealed alleles A and C as the predominant alleles for markers SSR1 (HSP90) and SSR2 (HSP70), respectively. The effective number of alleles and expected heterozygosity were higher for SSR2 (He = 0.40) than for SSR1 (He = 0.36). PIC values ranged from 0.55 (HSP90) to 0.59 (HSP70), indicating that both markers were informative (PIC ≥ 0.50). This study provides the first molecular characterization of HSP90 and HSP70 gene polymorphisms in WAD goats under tropical heat-stress conditions, suggesting their potential as reliable genetic biomarkers for thermotolerance selection and future breeding programs aimed at improving heat resilience in tropical livestock. Keywords: Heat shock proteins; HSP90; HSP70; thermotolerance; West African Dwarf Goat
Potential for Developing Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Agricultural, Plantation, and Livestock Waste through Ecodesign
This study aims to evaluate the potential of organic liquid fertilizers (LOF) derived from agricultural, plantation, and animal waste in Mamuju Tengah District, employing an ecodesign approach. The LOF materials used were goat urine, palm fruit leaf, rice straw, and corn straw. The research methodology employed was a randomized complete block design with four LOF treatment doses: a control (K), 10 ml, 20 ml, and 30 ml per liter of water. Each treatment was replicated four times and applied to two plant species: elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and the legume Indigofera. The parameters observed included plant height, number of tillers, chlorophyll content, and the number of nodules on the roots of the plants. The study results indicate that LOF does not significantly affect plant height in either test species. However, a significant effect was observed on increased chlorophyll content and the number of nodules in the Indigofera plants. Furthermore, the application of LOF resulted in a notable impact on the number of seedlings and chlorophyll content in elephant grass. The findings of this study indicate that LOF, derived from agricultural, plantation, and animal by-products, benefits specific growth parameters, particularly chlorophyll and nodules. This suggests that LOF has the potential to serve as an environmentally friendly fertilizer in sustainable agricultural systems. Keywords: Organic liquid fertilizer, goat urine, palm leaf, plant growth, ecodesign
Organoleptic Test Characteristics of Corn Stover Silage Added with Several Legumes
The limited forage availability in the dry season is a limiting factor in a livestock business. The abundance of forage in the rainy season cannot be stored long without treatment. This is due to the high water content, so forage cannot be stored; there is a need for innovative feed technology. Silage is a feed processing technology using a method of preserving/fermenting feed in anaerobic conditions, which is placed in a silo with a water content of around 60-70%. The principle of forage fermentation is by microbes that produce a lot of lactic acid. This research aimed to determine corn straw silage's physical properties (organoleptic tests) by adding several types of legumes. According to data from the Directorate General of Animal Husbandry and Animal Health in 2022, the number of cattle in South Sulawesi Province was 18,610,000 head. The increase in production in 2022 compared to 2012 occurred in all regions in Indonesia, South Sulawesi Province. Corn produced was 1,420,154 tons, which shows that corn straw waste is abundant and can be used as forage using silage technology. The materials used are Bima Provit A1 (stay green), hybrid corn stover, and legumes. The treatments used were 95% corn stover silage (control), 70% corn stover silage + 25% Gamal legumes, 70% corn stover silage + 25% Lamtoro legumes, and 70% corn stover silage + 25% Indigofera legumes. Creating an acidic atmosphere can be accelerated by adding preservatives or additional ingredients (additives) to rice bran (5%). Organoleptic test parameters to determine silage's physical characteristics and quality, such as texture, color, and aroma. The results obtained were that the silage texture score in all treatments had an average value that was not much different and fell into the medium texture category, the silage color score in all treatments had good quality, brown and yellowish brown, the aroma score in all treatments had good quality. Keywords: Corn stover silage, leguminosae, organoleptic test
Copyright (c) 2024 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Supplementation of Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) in Local Feed-based Goat Rations on in Vitro Digestibility
Turmeric is a widely available herb. This study aimed to determine the effect of Turmeric (Curcume domestica) as an herbal additive in local raw material (LRM) goat rations on dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility, pH value, N-ammonia and, in vitro gas production. The study was conducted with a completely randomized design (CRD) of 5 treatments and three replications: treatment T0 = LRM goat ration, T1 = local feed ration (LFR) + turmeric 0.025%, T2 = LFR + turmeric 0.05%, T3 = LFR + turmeric 0.075%, T4 = LFR + turmeric 0.1%. Variance analysis showed that the effect of turmeric (Curcuma domestica) in goat rations made from LRM local has a significant impact (P<0.05) on dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD). The most considerable N-ammonia value was obtained in treatment T1, which was 21.13 ± 1.29. From the results obtained, each treatment had a significant effect (P<0.05). The provision of turmeric in goat rations showed promising results regarding the value of rumen N-ammonia. The pH value produced in this study was 6.09 to 7.00, with no significant effect because the pH in the rumen has been maintained. Keywords: Feed additive, turmeric, pH, N-ammonia, in vitro
Farmers’ Satisfaction Level in Conducting a Profit-Sharing System (Tesang) of Beef Cattle Business in Bone, South Sulawesi
Beef cattle farming in some areas is carried out by raising their own cattle and some raise cattle with a profit-sharing system or in Bugis Macassar culture known as tesang/teseng. Tesang is a profit-sharing pattern between the capital provider and the farmer. This study aims to determine the level of satisfaction of capital owners (ma'tesang) and breeders (pattesang) and capital owners (ma’tesang) in conducting a profit-sharing system and to determine the factors that affect the satisfaction of breeders (pattesang) in conducting a profit-sharing system. This study used a questionnaire to collect data in the form of the level of importance (expectations) and the level of performance (reality) experienced by each breeder measured based on the dimensions and indicators of measuring the level of satisfaction. The data were analyzed using the IPA (Importance Performance Analysis) and CSI (Customer Satisfaction Index) methods and multiple linear regression using SPSS. The results showed that based on IPA and CSI analysis the results obtained were the level of satisfaction of the capital owner was 85.57% and the breeder was 80.21%. So that based on the predetermined criteria index, the level of satisfaction of capital owners and breeders is on a scale of Very Satisfied with the profit-sharing system. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that overall farmers and capital owners are very satisfied in conducting tesang. Keywords: Capital Owner; Farmer; Satisfaction Level; Tesang.
Movement Patterns of Bali Bull (Bos sondaicus) Sperms After Supplementation of Micronutrients Zn, Selenium, and Vitamin E
In ruminant livestock, it is very important to pay attention to the adequacy of micro minerals and vitamins, considering that minerals and vitamins are absolute and must be present in the feed so that the health and productivity of the livestock is not disturbed. To produce quality semen, vitamin E, selenium and zinc are needed. These micronutrients play a role in the spermatogenesis process which will have an impact on the quality of spermatozoa produced by male livestock. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of supplementation of micronutrient on sperm movement pattern of Bali bull. This study was used two Bali bull aged 4-5 years with a body weight of 300-350 kg. The study was divided into two periods of treatments and each period was carried out for three weeks. In the first period (control), experimental Bali bull was fed natural grasses and concentrate (1% of body weight). Furthermore, in the second period (treatment period), the feed was similar as the first period with the addition of a mixture of minerals (Zn and Se) and vitamin E. The volume, color, pH, viscosity and movement pattern of the bull's sperm were recorded. Likewise, sperm concentration, motility, viability and abnormality were measured. Fresh semen was diluted with Andromed® accordingly before subsequent processing. Data were analyzed using paired student t-test. The results of the study showed that the macroscopic quality of fresh semen of Bali bull improved after supplementation of micronutrient. The movement pattern of spermatozoa after administration of micronutrient supplements did not have a significant effect (P>0.05). It can be concluded that micronutrient supplementation in Bali bulls can improve macroscopic evaluation, abnormality, viability, concentration and maintained spermatozoa movement patterns. Keywords: Bali bull, spermatozoa, micronutrient, semen quality, and movement
Copyright (c) 2025 N. Arisanti, M. Yusuf, A. L. Toleng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Morphology Traits and Dry Matter Yield of Pennisetum purpureum Pakchong 1 Fertilized by Liquid Organic Fertilizer
Forage must be available sustainably in both quality and quantity to support ruminant farming, so it requires soil that contains sufficient nutrients. This study aims to determine the growth, production, and quality of Pakchong elephant grass after being given liquid organic fertilizer in different doses. The experiment conducted in this study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and five replications, namely P0 (No liquid organic fertilizer), P1 (Liquid organic fertilizer 40 liters/ha equivalent to 29 ml/plot), P2 (Liquid organic fertilizer 50 liters/ha equivalent to 36 ml/plot), P3 (Liquid organic fertilizer 60 liters/ha equivalent to 43 ml/plot), P4 (Liquid organic fertilizer 70 liters/ha equivalent to 50 ml/plot). The results showed that implementing various levels of liquid organic fertilizer positively impacted the growth of Pakchong elephant grass. In the parameters of plant growth, the best results were obtained in the P4 (70 l/ha) and P3 (60 l/ha) treatments compared to P0 (without fertilizer). Production of Pakchong elephant grass using liquid organic fertilizer in different doses obtained the best results on treatments P4 and P3. The provision of different doses did not significantly affect (p>0.01)the nutritional content of Pakchong grass. Keywords: Organic liquid fertilizer, Pakchong, growth, production, quality