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Abstract
This study focused on transnational social movement strategies in international peace campaign with Food Not Bombs as study case. This study used analytical descriptive method with library research as data collection method. The data type is secondary one which obtained from literatures, books, journals, and information accessed via internet that related with the issues. Analytical techniques used by the author in this paper are qualitative data analysis and quantitative data analysis which used to complement the first one. The result of this study are food distribution as antiwar and poverty symbol and message to public, transnational coalition building, and nonviolence method usage. Transnational coalition used to bring more people to their collective claim. Food Not Bombs dedication towards nonviolence shown in its nonviolence protest act such as blockade, marches, and camps.
Penelitian ini membahas tentang strategi transnational social movement – gerakan sosial transnasional dalam kampanye perdamaian internasional dengan menggunakan studi kasus Food Not Bombs. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik, dengan tehnik pengumpulan data yakni dengan studi kepustakaan, kemudian jenis data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder, yang diperoleh dari literatur-literatur, buku-buku, dokumen, jurnal, dan informasi yang diakses melalui internet yang berkaitan dengan masalah yang dibahas, dan tehnik analisis yang digunakan penulis dalam penulisan ini adalah tehnik analisis data kualitatif, adapun data kuantitatif merupakan data pelengkap untuk menjelaskan data kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa strategi Food Not Bombs berupa membagikan makanan sebagai pesan anti perang dan kelaparan kepada publik, membangun koalisi transnasional, dan menggunakan metode nonkekerasan. Koalisi transnasional digunakan untuk membawa pesan kolektif dengan massa yang lebih besar. Begitu pula dengan dedikasi Food Not Bombs terhadap nonkekerasan ditandai dengan aksi protes nonkekerasan seperti blokade, kemah, dan pawai.
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References
- BUKU:
- Cohen dan Rai, Global Social Movement, The Athlone Press, 2000.
- Della Porta dan Tarrow, Transnational Protest & Global Activism, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publisher, 2005.
- Della Porta dan Diani, Social Movement An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
- Galtung, Johan, “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research,” dalam Journal of Peace Research, New York: Sage Publication, 1969.
- Galtung, Johan, Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization, terj. Asnawi dan Safruddin, Surabaya: Pustaka Eureka, 2003.
- Johansen, Jorgen, Nonviolence More than the Absence of Violence, dan Galtung (ed), Handbook Of Peace and Conflict Studies, London: Routledge, 2007.
- Khagram, dkk, Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, And Norms, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.
- McHenry, Keith, Hungry for Peace, Tucson: See Sharp Press, 2012 McHenry, Keith, Cooking For Peace With Food Not Bombs Cultivating Community, Reaping Revolution, Tucson: See Sharp Press, 2010.
- Navarro dan Nario, Peace Education: A Pathway to a Culture of Peace, Quezon: Center for Peace Education, 2008.
- Singh, Rajendra, Gerakan Sosial Baru, Yogyakarta: Resist Book, 2010 Tarrow, Sidney, The New Transnational Activism, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005
- Webel, Charles, Introduction Toward a Philosophy and Metapsychology of Peace, dalam Webel dan Galtung (ed), Handbook Of Peace and Conflict Studies, London: Routledge, 2007.
- Wienclaw dan Howson, Major Social Movement, dalam The Editors of Salem Press (ed), Theories of Social Movements, California: Salem Press, 2011
- JURNAL DAN ARTIKEL:
- Baharuddin, Aswin, Rial Ashari Bahtiar, and Seniwati Ismail. "The Idea And The Strategy Of Transnational Social Movement About Right To The City In Indonesia." Journal of Humanity and Social Justice 1.1 (2019): 72-94.
- Carty dan Onyett, Protest, Cyberactivism and New Social Movements: The Reemergence of the Peace Movement Post 9/11, dalam Social Movement Studies: Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest, vol. 5, London: Routledge, 2006.
- Emily Rojer, “Food Not Bombs: A Radical Organization?,” dalam Lehig Review Vol. 9, Bethlehem: Lehigh Preserve, 2011.
- Hermann Maiba, Grassroots Transnational Social Movement Activism: The Case Of People’s Global Action, dalam Sociological Focus, Vol. 38, No.1, London: Taylor & Francis, 2005
- WEBSITE:
- Afghanistan War: 2001 – 2002, http://warchronicle.com/afghanistan/news/timeline.htm, diakses pada tanggal 6 Desember 2014 pkl. 23. 48 WITA
- Burmese Punk Band Members Regularly Feed Their Homeless in Yangon, http://www.daynews.com/world/local-news/2015/07/burmese-punk-band-members-regularly-feed-the-homeless-in-yangon-25197, diakses pada tanggal 1 Agustus 2015, pkl. 22.08 WITA
- CASTOR, http://www.nuclear-heritage.net/index.php/Castor. Diakses pada tanggal 6 Januari 2015 pkl. 02.27 WITA
- Cities Jammed in Worldwide Protest of War in Iraq, http://edition.cnn.com/2003/US/02/15/sprj.irq.protests.main, diakses pada tanggal 29 September 2014 pkl. 21.22 WITA
- Definisi kata strategi, http://kbbi.web.id/strategi, diakses pada tanggal pada tanggal 23 April 2014 pkl. 21.37 WITA
- EU Allies Unite Against Iraq War, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2683409.stm, diakses pada tanggal 6 Desember 2014 pkl. 19.03 WITA
- Food Not Bombs Literature Table Solidarity Not Charity, http://www.foodnotbombs.net/literature_table.html, diakses pada tanggal 26 September 2014, pkl. 21.43 WITA
- Food Not Bombs Literature Table Solidarity Not Charity, http://www.foodnotbombs.net/literature_table.html diakses pada tanggal 26 September 2014, pkl. 21.43 WITA
- Hamilton, William, Bush Began to Plan War Three Months After 9/11, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17347- 2004Apr16.html/, diakses pada tanggal 8 Desember 2014 pkl. 19.35 WITA
- Iraq War Timeline, http://warchronicle.com/iraq/news/timeline_iraq_war.htm, diakses pada tanggal 9 Desember 2014 pkl. 02. 11 WITA
- Linder, Balint, Lending A Hand In Hungary, http://tracks.unhcr.org/2015/07/lending-a-hand-in-hungary/,diakses pada tanggal 1 Agustus 2015, pkl. 22.37 WITA
- Ljubic, Darko, Food Not Bombs! Collectives, http://www.rhythmchanges.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=44.Diakses pada tanggal 8 Januari 2015 pkl.03.54 WITA message from participants at the Ukraine No Border Camp, http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2007/08/378243.html, diakses pada tanggal 15 Januari 2015 pkl. 23.16 WITA
- Shah, Anup, WTO Protest in Seattle, 1999, http://www.globalissues.org/article/46/wto-protests-in-seattle-1999, diakses pada tanggal 4 Desember 2014 pkl. 23.09 WITA
- The 25th Anniversary of Food Not Bombs Part 3 Food Not Bombs Becomes A Worldwide Movement, http://www.foodnotbombs.net/z_25th_anniversary_3.html, diakses pada tangggal 1 Oktober 2014 pkl. 02. 33 WITA
- The Three Principles of Food Not Bombs, http://www.foodnotbombs.net/principles.html, diakses pada tanggal 6 November 2014 pkl. 20.17 WITA
- Timeline of the Major Events in the History of Food Not Bombs, http://www.foodnotbombs.net/fnb_time_line.html,diakses pada tanggal 29 September 2014 pkl. 22.04 WITA
- World Bank Group Infoshop Bookstore ,http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/infoshop, diaksespada tanggal 29 September 2015, pkl. 19.44 WITA
References
BUKU:
Cohen dan Rai, Global Social Movement, The Athlone Press, 2000.
Della Porta dan Tarrow, Transnational Protest & Global Activism, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publisher, 2005.
Della Porta dan Diani, Social Movement An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
Galtung, Johan, “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research,” dalam Journal of Peace Research, New York: Sage Publication, 1969.
Galtung, Johan, Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization, terj. Asnawi dan Safruddin, Surabaya: Pustaka Eureka, 2003.
Johansen, Jorgen, Nonviolence More than the Absence of Violence, dan Galtung (ed), Handbook Of Peace and Conflict Studies, London: Routledge, 2007.
Khagram, dkk, Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, And Norms, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.
McHenry, Keith, Hungry for Peace, Tucson: See Sharp Press, 2012 McHenry, Keith, Cooking For Peace With Food Not Bombs Cultivating Community, Reaping Revolution, Tucson: See Sharp Press, 2010.
Navarro dan Nario, Peace Education: A Pathway to a Culture of Peace, Quezon: Center for Peace Education, 2008.
Singh, Rajendra, Gerakan Sosial Baru, Yogyakarta: Resist Book, 2010 Tarrow, Sidney, The New Transnational Activism, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005
Webel, Charles, Introduction Toward a Philosophy and Metapsychology of Peace, dalam Webel dan Galtung (ed), Handbook Of Peace and Conflict Studies, London: Routledge, 2007.
Wienclaw dan Howson, Major Social Movement, dalam The Editors of Salem Press (ed), Theories of Social Movements, California: Salem Press, 2011
JURNAL DAN ARTIKEL:
Baharuddin, Aswin, Rial Ashari Bahtiar, and Seniwati Ismail. "The Idea And The Strategy Of Transnational Social Movement About Right To The City In Indonesia." Journal of Humanity and Social Justice 1.1 (2019): 72-94.
Carty dan Onyett, Protest, Cyberactivism and New Social Movements: The Reemergence of the Peace Movement Post 9/11, dalam Social Movement Studies: Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest, vol. 5, London: Routledge, 2006.
Emily Rojer, “Food Not Bombs: A Radical Organization?,” dalam Lehig Review Vol. 9, Bethlehem: Lehigh Preserve, 2011.
Hermann Maiba, Grassroots Transnational Social Movement Activism: The Case Of People’s Global Action, dalam Sociological Focus, Vol. 38, No.1, London: Taylor & Francis, 2005
WEBSITE:
Afghanistan War: 2001 – 2002, http://warchronicle.com/afghanistan/news/timeline.htm, diakses pada tanggal 6 Desember 2014 pkl. 23. 48 WITA
Burmese Punk Band Members Regularly Feed Their Homeless in Yangon, http://www.daynews.com/world/local-news/2015/07/burmese-punk-band-members-regularly-feed-the-homeless-in-yangon-25197, diakses pada tanggal 1 Agustus 2015, pkl. 22.08 WITA
CASTOR, http://www.nuclear-heritage.net/index.php/Castor. Diakses pada tanggal 6 Januari 2015 pkl. 02.27 WITA
Cities Jammed in Worldwide Protest of War in Iraq, http://edition.cnn.com/2003/US/02/15/sprj.irq.protests.main, diakses pada tanggal 29 September 2014 pkl. 21.22 WITA
Definisi kata strategi, http://kbbi.web.id/strategi, diakses pada tanggal pada tanggal 23 April 2014 pkl. 21.37 WITA
EU Allies Unite Against Iraq War, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2683409.stm, diakses pada tanggal 6 Desember 2014 pkl. 19.03 WITA
Food Not Bombs Literature Table Solidarity Not Charity, http://www.foodnotbombs.net/literature_table.html, diakses pada tanggal 26 September 2014, pkl. 21.43 WITA
Food Not Bombs Literature Table Solidarity Not Charity, http://www.foodnotbombs.net/literature_table.html diakses pada tanggal 26 September 2014, pkl. 21.43 WITA
Hamilton, William, Bush Began to Plan War Three Months After 9/11, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17347- 2004Apr16.html/, diakses pada tanggal 8 Desember 2014 pkl. 19.35 WITA
Iraq War Timeline, http://warchronicle.com/iraq/news/timeline_iraq_war.htm, diakses pada tanggal 9 Desember 2014 pkl. 02. 11 WITA
Linder, Balint, Lending A Hand In Hungary, http://tracks.unhcr.org/2015/07/lending-a-hand-in-hungary/,diakses pada tanggal 1 Agustus 2015, pkl. 22.37 WITA
Ljubic, Darko, Food Not Bombs! Collectives, http://www.rhythmchanges.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=44.Diakses pada tanggal 8 Januari 2015 pkl.03.54 WITA message from participants at the Ukraine No Border Camp, http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2007/08/378243.html, diakses pada tanggal 15 Januari 2015 pkl. 23.16 WITA
Shah, Anup, WTO Protest in Seattle, 1999, http://www.globalissues.org/article/46/wto-protests-in-seattle-1999, diakses pada tanggal 4 Desember 2014 pkl. 23.09 WITA
The 25th Anniversary of Food Not Bombs Part 3 Food Not Bombs Becomes A Worldwide Movement, http://www.foodnotbombs.net/z_25th_anniversary_3.html, diakses pada tangggal 1 Oktober 2014 pkl. 02. 33 WITA
The Three Principles of Food Not Bombs, http://www.foodnotbombs.net/principles.html, diakses pada tanggal 6 November 2014 pkl. 20.17 WITA
Timeline of the Major Events in the History of Food Not Bombs, http://www.foodnotbombs.net/fnb_time_line.html,diakses pada tanggal 29 September 2014 pkl. 22.04 WITA
World Bank Group Infoshop Bookstore ,http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/infoshop, diaksespada tanggal 29 September 2015, pkl. 19.44 WITA