Main Article Content
Abstract
The protectionism policy was first implemented in the 2018 by the United States when there was a deficit in domestic trade for Chinese products, under the pretext of protecting domestic industries that could not compete with Chinese products. Then, China responded to this policy by imposing tariffs on US products with the concept of trade retaliation. The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of Chinese retaliation on trade policy to the United States in the trade war. then, the research method used by the author in this study is a descriptive research method that uses data types, namely secondary data sources. This study used the theory of protectionism and the concept of trade retaliation in analyzing China's retaliation towards the United States in trade wars. The retaliation carried out by China as a form of retaliation for the protectionist policies carried out by the US previously had an impact in the form of: 1) a trade deficit of 21% in 2016 caused huge losses to the agricultural sector; 2) a fall in the value of US exports of $32 billion which hurt many US companies; 3) decreased investment due to economic uncertainty due to trade wars; and 4) influencing the US election in 2020 due to trade policies towards China which has an impact on trade wars.
Kebijakan proteksionisme pertamakali diterapkan oleh Amerika Serikat ketika terjadi devisit perdagangan dalam negerinya terhadap produk China, dengan dalih untuk melindungi industri domestik yang kalah bersaing dengan produk China. kemudian, China membalas kebijakan tersebut dengan memberlakukan tarif produk AS dengan konsep retaliasi perdagangan, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dampak yang ditimbulkan dari Retaliasi China terhadap Amerika Serikat dalam konteks perang dagang. kemudian, metode penelitian yang digunakan penulis dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode penelitian deskriptif yang menggunakan jenis data yakni sumber data sekunder. Dengan menggunakan teori proteksionisme dan kensep retaliasi perdagangan dalam menganalisis retaliasi China terhadap Amerika Serikat dalam konteks perang dagang. kebijakan proteksionisme yang diterapkan AS pada periode awalnya memang membawa dampak awal yang baik bagi ekonomi industri domestik, namun berbeda ketika China mengajukan retaliasi perdagangan sehingga dampak yang ditimbulkan sangat dirasakan oleh industri manufaktur Amerika Serikat, pengaruh pada sektor pertanian, sampai pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2020. perang dagang mengurangi defisit perdagangan Amerika Serikat dengan China pada tahun 2019, namun, hal ini berbalik pada tahun 2020,ketika china menerapkan retaliasi perdagangan, alhasil defisit perdagangan meningkat kembali ke tingkat sebelum perang perdagangan, sementara defisit perdagangan Amerika Serikat secara keseluruhan meningkat
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References
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- Aslam, M. (2019). US-China trade disputes and its impact on ASEAN. Transnational Corporations Review. https://doi.org/10.1080/19186444.2019.1691410
- Bown, C. P. (2021). The US–China trade war and Phase One agreement. Journal of Policy Modeling. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2021.02.009
- De Andrade, M. C. (2021). General Principles of Procedural Law in the Practice of the WTO Appellate Body. International Community Law Review. https://doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341463
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- Jiang, L., Lu, Y., Song, H., & Zhang, G. (2023). Responses of exporters to trade protectionism: Inferences from the US-China trade war. Journal of International Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103687
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- Suharjon, N., Marwanti, S., & Irianto, H. (2018). Pengaruh Ekspor, Impor, dan Investasi terhadap Pertumbuhan Sektor Pertanian Indonesia. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi. https://doi.org/10.21082/jae.v35n1.2017.49-65
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- Wambrauw, M., & Menufandu, D. N. (2022). Dampak Perang Dagang Terhadap Neraca Perdagangan Amerika Serikat-China. Citizen : Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.53866/jimi.v2i4.174
References
Anugerah Ayu Sendari. (2019). Mengenal Jenis Penelitian Deskriptif Kualitatif pada Sebuah Tulisan Ilmiah. Ilustrasi Penelitian.
Aslam, M. (2019). US-China trade disputes and its impact on ASEAN. Transnational Corporations Review. https://doi.org/10.1080/19186444.2019.1691410
Bown, C. P. (2021). The US–China trade war and Phase One agreement. Journal of Policy Modeling. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2021.02.009
De Andrade, M. C. (2021). General Principles of Procedural Law in the Practice of the WTO Appellate Body. International Community Law Review. https://doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341463
Donnan, S., & Yadoo, J. (2019). US-China Trade War Cost Tops $40 Billion in Lost U.S. Exports - Bloomberg. Bloomberg.Com.
Fetzer, T., & Schwarz, C. (2021). Tariffs and Politics: Evidence from Trump’s Trade Wars. Economic Journal. https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueaa122
Guo, W., & Chen, Z. (2023). China–US economic and trade relations, trade news, and short-term fluctuation of the RMB exchange rate. Review of International Economics. https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12622
Hernowo, T. (2008). Peninjauan Ulang Ketentuan Retaliasi sebagai Reformasi Aturan Penyelesaian Sengketa WTO. Indonesian Journal of International Law. https://doi.org/10.17304/ijil.vol5.2.170
Jain, M., & Saraswat, S. (2019). US–China Trade War: Chinese Perspective. Management and Economics Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.18639/merj.2019.895478
Jiang, L., Lu, Y., Song, H., & Zhang, G. (2023). Responses of exporters to trade protectionism: Inferences from the US-China trade war. Journal of International Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103687
Kartika, M. M. (2013). Proteksionisme Amerika Serikat Pasca Krisis Finansial 2008. Jurnal Analisis Hubungan Internasional.
Kaur, R., Bhalla, P., & Nazneen, A. (2020). US-China trade conflicts: Review on gains or losses? Research in World Economy. https://doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v11n1p28
Kim, S. E., & Margalit, Y. (2021). Tariffs As Electoral Weapons: The Political Geography of the US-China Trade War. International Organization. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000612
Kurniawardhani, A. B. (2021). Sejarah Organisasi Ekonomi Internasional World Trade Organization (WTO). Widya Winayata: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah. https://doi.org/10.23887/jjps.v9i1.30381
Li, C., He, C., & Lin, C. (2018). Economic Impacts of the Possible China–US Trade War. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2018.1446131
Li, D., Shi, F., & Wang, K. (2020). China-US trade dispute investigations and corporate earnings management strategy. China Journal of Accounting Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjar.2020.09.002
Muslimah, S., & Latifah, E. (2022). Perdagangan Internasional dan Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup: Sebuah “Trade-Off” Pada Sistem Wto Yang Memerlukan Penyelesaian. Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum. https://doi.org/10.23920/jbmh.v6i2.689
Nuri Aslami, N. S. A. (2022). Analisis Kebijakan Perdagangan Internasional. Journal Economy and Currency Study (JECS). https://doi.org/10.51178/jecs.v4i1.358
Paine, J. (2020). The WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body as a Voice Mechanism. Journal of World Investment and Trade. https://doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340156
Petersmann, E.-U. (1999). The GATT/ WTO Dispute Settlement System. International Law, International Organizations and Dispute Settlement. Verfassung in Recht Und Übersee. https://doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-1999-3-386
Prasudhi, I. D. (2007). Penanganan sengketa perdagangan internasional melalui WTO (World Trade Organization). Hukum Dan Dinamika Masyarakat.
Qin, J. Y. (2020). WTO Reform: Multilateral Control over Unilateral Retaliation – Lessons from the US-China Trade War. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3654510
Sitaresmi, A. G., Wijayanti, H., & Haqqi, H. (2022). Subsidi Pertanian Amerika Serika Dalam Kasus Perang Dagang Amerika Serikat dan China Tahun 2018-2019. Jurnal Social Economic of Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.26418/j.sea.v10i2.48712
Soon, J. (2022). Jurisdictional Conflict Between the World Trade Organization and Regional Trade Agreements: Res Judicata Revisited. Journal of World Trade. https://doi.org/10.54648/trad2022037
Steinberg, D. A., & Tan, Y. (2023). Public responses to foreign protectionism: Evidence from the US-China trade war. Review of International Organizations. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-022-09468-y
Suharjon, N., Marwanti, S., & Irianto, H. (2018). Pengaruh Ekspor, Impor, dan Investasi terhadap Pertumbuhan Sektor Pertanian Indonesia. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi. https://doi.org/10.21082/jae.v35n1.2017.49-65
Suherman, A. M. (2012). Dispute Settlement Body- WTO dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Perdagangan Internasional. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol42.no1.141
Taubman, A. (2004). A Handbook on the WTO Dispute Settlement System. In A Handbook on the WTO Dispute Settlement System. https://doi.org/10.30875/823235d5-en
The Economist. (2018). Trade war brewing? World trade in 2018 A major power trade dispute will harm global trade in 2018. The Economist- The Intelligent Unit.
Wambrauw, M., & Menufandu, D. N. (2022). Dampak Perang Dagang Terhadap Neraca Perdagangan Amerika Serikat-China. Citizen : Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.53866/jimi.v2i4.174