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Abstract
This article explores the Ethio-Telecom reform within the context of the Homegrown Economic Reform (HGER) initiated by the Ethiopian government and the imperatives of economic globalization. Its main objective is to analyze the extent to which the Ethio-Telecom reform within the HGER agenda is genuinely homegrown and new by considering internal dynamics and external influences. In order to achieve the intended aims, the article employed a qualitative approach, which includes the analysis of existing work surveys and document examination. To this end, the work has relied primarily on secondary data sources. The article argues that the Ethiopian HGER, with a specific focus on the Ethio-Telecom sector reform, reflects a mix of endogenous factors and external influences, with ongoing debates regarding its authenticity and alignment with domestic priorities. Moving forward, it should balance external support with local perspectives to avoid being perceived as a replication of external models.
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References
- Abitew.F. (2020). Ethiopia: The Case for Partial Privatization of Ethio-Telecom. https://www.theafricareport.com/39864/ethiopia-the-case-for-partial-privatization-of-ethio-telecom/
- Agupusi, P. (2012). Homegrown Development Initiatives and Practices in Africa, 7.
- Al Jazeera and News Agencies (2021).Ethiopia Awards Telecom Licence to Safaricom-led Consortium.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/22/ethiopia-awards-telecom-licence-to-safaricom-led-consortium
- Atinafu,L. (2024). Revolutionizing connectivity: The remarkable telecom development in Ethiopia. https://press.et/herald/?p=93205
- Baron, D.(2010). The Impact of Telecommunications Services on Doing Business in Ethiopia, Private Sector Development Hub/Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Bortolotti,B; Juliet D’Souza, Fantini,M; & Megginson,LW. (2002). Privatization and the Sources of Performance Improvement in the Global Telecommunications Industry, Telecommunications Policy, 26 (5), 243-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-5961(02)00013-7
- Brief Historical Review of Telecom Sector in Ethiopia. https://www.ethiotelecom.et/history/
- Datta, A. and Young, J. (2011).Producing Homegrown Solutions: Think Tanks and Knowledge Networks in International Development, Outreach, 35-37.
- Dires,M. (2017). Successes and Failures of International Financial Institutions (IFIs) in Exporting Neoliberalism in Africa: The Case of Ethiopia, Master’s thesis, Woldia University, Ethioipia.
- Dione,O.(2021).Why Ethiopia needs to open its telecom market. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/africacan/why-ethiopia-needs-open-its-telecom-market
- Easterly, W. R. (2006).The white man's burden: why the West's efforts to aid the rest have done so much ill and so little good Penguin, Journal of International Economic Law, Volume 10, Issue 4, 1009–1019. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgm018
- Ethiopian Communications Service Proclamation No. 1148/2019 Federal Negarit Gazette No. 82, 12th August, 2019.
- Ethiopian Telecommunications Networks Interconnection Directive No. 8/2020.
- Faundez,J & Tan,C. (eds.)(2010). International Economic Law, Globalization and Developing Countries, 124.
- Feleke, B. (2014). Adoption of Kenyan, Nigerian and Tanzanian Best Practices in Communication Services Provision to Liberalize Telecommunication Sector in Ethiopia, A master’s Thesis, Addis Ababa University.
- Fikade,B. ( 2019). Interview Economic pragmatist, Economic Pragmatist-The Reporter Ethiopia. https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/9055/
- Frempong, G.K. & Aturba, W.H. (2001). Liberalisation of Telecoms: The Ghanaian experience, Telecommunications Policy, 25(2), 197- 210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-5961(00)00089-6
- Geda, A. (2019). Ethiopia’s Homegrown Reform: Wrong Diagnosis May Make it a Wish List.https://addisfortune.news/ethiopias-homegrown-reform-wrong-diagnosis-may-make-it-a-wish-list/
- Ghenna, K. (2019).Privatization of Ethio-Telecom not in the interest of Ethiopia: “Why play with fire?” https://borkena.com/2019/08/10/privatization-ethio-telecom-is-against-the-interest-of-ethiopia-why-play-with-fire-writes-kebour-ghenna-desta/
- Ify,I.P. (2017). Privatization in Nigeria: A Re-Examination, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, Volume 6, Issue 9, 19-30.
- Ikpe, E. H., & Idiong, N. S. (2011). Liberalizing Telecommunication in Nigeria: Argument for a Democratic Model, Journal of social Sciences, 26 (3), 211-216.
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) News (2019). Six Things to Know about Ethiopia’s New Program. https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2019/12/23/na122319-six-things-to-know-about-ethiopias-new-program
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) Staff Country Reports (2020). The Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia: 2019 Article IV Consultation and Requests for Three-Year Arrangement under the Extended Credit Facility and an Arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility—Press Release and Staff Report. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513528137.002
- International Monetary Fund (IMF)News (2022). PPP Project Briefs, Ethiopia: Telecom Liberalization. https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/2022/2022-ethiopia-telecom-ppp-brief.pdf
- Kapur, R.(2023). New Economic Policies-Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization, 1-14.
- Lemu, A. A. (2019). Where is Home for Ethiopia’s Homegrown Economic Reform Program? https://www.aigaforum.com/Archive/ArchiveDec2019-4.htm
- Mihretu, M.(2020). Ethiopia’s Homegrown Economic Reform Plan. https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/communications/events/ethiopias-homegrown-economic-reform-plan
- Morgan, J., Lambe, W., & Freyer, A. (2009).Homegrown Responses to Economic Uncertainty in Rural America: Rural Realities 3(2), 1-15.
- Ndukwe, E. (2005). Telecom Liberalization in Nigeria: Opening-up the Market & Sector Reform: a paper presented at SATCOM.
- Njenga, N & Phiri,T.K. (2021). Ethio-Spotlight; Issue 6: The Telecoms Landscape in Ethiopia. https://www.policyfellowship.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ETHIOSPOTLIGHT-ISSUE-6-TELECOMS-LANDSCAPE.pdf
- New Business Ethiopia (2021). Liberalizing Telecom in Ethiopia positively impacts all economy, PM, says. https://newbusinessethiopia.com/economy/liberalizing-telecom-in-ethiopia-positively-impacts-all-economy-pm-says/
- Oyejide, A. & Bankole, A. (2001). Liberalisation of the Services Sector in Nigeria: Implications of Unilateral and Multilateral Approaches, A Paper Presented at the African Economic Research Consortium on Services Sector Liberalization in Nigeria.
- Proclamation No. 49/1996: a Proclamation to Provide for the Regulation of Telecommunications’, Federal Negarit Gazeta, 3rd year, No. 5. Addis Ababa: Ethiopia.
- Proclamation No.116/1998, a Proclamation to Amend the Investment Proclamation No. 57/1996’, Federal Negarit Gazeta, 4th year, No. 42. Addis Ababa: Ethiopia.
- Rahman, M.M.(2012). The ‘Guided Ownership’ Revisited: An Agenda for Independent Policy Making in Bangladesh’ 4(5) Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research.
- Stiglitz, J.E. (1998). Towards A New Paradigm for Development, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 9th Raúl Prebisch Lecture, 4. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/prebisch9th.en.pdf
- Telecom Review Africa.com (08 April, 2021). Liberalization of telecoms in Ethiopia: The dawn of a new era https://www.telecomreviewafrica.com/en/articles/exclusive-interviews/2240-liberalization-of-telecoms-in-ethiopia
- Tewodros, W. W.(2014). The Politics of Telecommunications and Development in Ethiopia, a PhD Dissertation University of Oregon, 148.
- Wazza, M.T. ( 2022).Ten Years Development Plan of Ethiopia (2021-2030): A Critical Review, 3- 8.
References
Abitew.F. (2020). Ethiopia: The Case for Partial Privatization of Ethio-Telecom. https://www.theafricareport.com/39864/ethiopia-the-case-for-partial-privatization-of-ethio-telecom/
Agupusi, P. (2012). Homegrown Development Initiatives and Practices in Africa, 7.
Al Jazeera and News Agencies (2021).Ethiopia Awards Telecom Licence to Safaricom-led Consortium.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/22/ethiopia-awards-telecom-licence-to-safaricom-led-consortium
Atinafu,L. (2024). Revolutionizing connectivity: The remarkable telecom development in Ethiopia. https://press.et/herald/?p=93205
Baron, D.(2010). The Impact of Telecommunications Services on Doing Business in Ethiopia, Private Sector Development Hub/Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Bortolotti,B; Juliet D’Souza, Fantini,M; & Megginson,LW. (2002). Privatization and the Sources of Performance Improvement in the Global Telecommunications Industry, Telecommunications Policy, 26 (5), 243-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-5961(02)00013-7
Brief Historical Review of Telecom Sector in Ethiopia. https://www.ethiotelecom.et/history/
Datta, A. and Young, J. (2011).Producing Homegrown Solutions: Think Tanks and Knowledge Networks in International Development, Outreach, 35-37.
Dires,M. (2017). Successes and Failures of International Financial Institutions (IFIs) in Exporting Neoliberalism in Africa: The Case of Ethiopia, Master’s thesis, Woldia University, Ethioipia.
Dione,O.(2021).Why Ethiopia needs to open its telecom market. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/africacan/why-ethiopia-needs-open-its-telecom-market
Easterly, W. R. (2006).The white man's burden: why the West's efforts to aid the rest have done so much ill and so little good Penguin, Journal of International Economic Law, Volume 10, Issue 4, 1009–1019. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgm018
Ethiopian Communications Service Proclamation No. 1148/2019 Federal Negarit Gazette No. 82, 12th August, 2019.
Ethiopian Telecommunications Networks Interconnection Directive No. 8/2020.
Faundez,J & Tan,C. (eds.)(2010). International Economic Law, Globalization and Developing Countries, 124.
Feleke, B. (2014). Adoption of Kenyan, Nigerian and Tanzanian Best Practices in Communication Services Provision to Liberalize Telecommunication Sector in Ethiopia, A master’s Thesis, Addis Ababa University.
Fikade,B. ( 2019). Interview Economic pragmatist, Economic Pragmatist-The Reporter Ethiopia. https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/9055/
Frempong, G.K. & Aturba, W.H. (2001). Liberalisation of Telecoms: The Ghanaian experience, Telecommunications Policy, 25(2), 197- 210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-5961(00)00089-6
Geda, A. (2019). Ethiopia’s Homegrown Reform: Wrong Diagnosis May Make it a Wish List.https://addisfortune.news/ethiopias-homegrown-reform-wrong-diagnosis-may-make-it-a-wish-list/
Ghenna, K. (2019).Privatization of Ethio-Telecom not in the interest of Ethiopia: “Why play with fire?” https://borkena.com/2019/08/10/privatization-ethio-telecom-is-against-the-interest-of-ethiopia-why-play-with-fire-writes-kebour-ghenna-desta/
Ify,I.P. (2017). Privatization in Nigeria: A Re-Examination, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, Volume 6, Issue 9, 19-30.
Ikpe, E. H., & Idiong, N. S. (2011). Liberalizing Telecommunication in Nigeria: Argument for a Democratic Model, Journal of social Sciences, 26 (3), 211-216.
International Monetary Fund (IMF) News (2019). Six Things to Know about Ethiopia’s New Program. https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2019/12/23/na122319-six-things-to-know-about-ethiopias-new-program
International Monetary Fund (IMF) Staff Country Reports (2020). The Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia: 2019 Article IV Consultation and Requests for Three-Year Arrangement under the Extended Credit Facility and an Arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility—Press Release and Staff Report. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513528137.002
International Monetary Fund (IMF)News (2022). PPP Project Briefs, Ethiopia: Telecom Liberalization. https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/2022/2022-ethiopia-telecom-ppp-brief.pdf
Kapur, R.(2023). New Economic Policies-Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization, 1-14.
Lemu, A. A. (2019). Where is Home for Ethiopia’s Homegrown Economic Reform Program? https://www.aigaforum.com/Archive/ArchiveDec2019-4.htm
Mihretu, M.(2020). Ethiopia’s Homegrown Economic Reform Plan. https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/communications/events/ethiopias-homegrown-economic-reform-plan
Morgan, J., Lambe, W., & Freyer, A. (2009).Homegrown Responses to Economic Uncertainty in Rural America: Rural Realities 3(2), 1-15.
Ndukwe, E. (2005). Telecom Liberalization in Nigeria: Opening-up the Market & Sector Reform: a paper presented at SATCOM.
Njenga, N & Phiri,T.K. (2021). Ethio-Spotlight; Issue 6: The Telecoms Landscape in Ethiopia. https://www.policyfellowship.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ETHIOSPOTLIGHT-ISSUE-6-TELECOMS-LANDSCAPE.pdf
New Business Ethiopia (2021). Liberalizing Telecom in Ethiopia positively impacts all economy, PM, says. https://newbusinessethiopia.com/economy/liberalizing-telecom-in-ethiopia-positively-impacts-all-economy-pm-says/
Oyejide, A. & Bankole, A. (2001). Liberalisation of the Services Sector in Nigeria: Implications of Unilateral and Multilateral Approaches, A Paper Presented at the African Economic Research Consortium on Services Sector Liberalization in Nigeria.
Proclamation No. 49/1996: a Proclamation to Provide for the Regulation of Telecommunications’, Federal Negarit Gazeta, 3rd year, No. 5. Addis Ababa: Ethiopia.
Proclamation No.116/1998, a Proclamation to Amend the Investment Proclamation No. 57/1996’, Federal Negarit Gazeta, 4th year, No. 42. Addis Ababa: Ethiopia.
Rahman, M.M.(2012). The ‘Guided Ownership’ Revisited: An Agenda for Independent Policy Making in Bangladesh’ 4(5) Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research.
Stiglitz, J.E. (1998). Towards A New Paradigm for Development, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 9th Raúl Prebisch Lecture, 4. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/prebisch9th.en.pdf
Telecom Review Africa.com (08 April, 2021). Liberalization of telecoms in Ethiopia: The dawn of a new era https://www.telecomreviewafrica.com/en/articles/exclusive-interviews/2240-liberalization-of-telecoms-in-ethiopia
Tewodros, W. W.(2014). The Politics of Telecommunications and Development in Ethiopia, a PhD Dissertation University of Oregon, 148.
Wazza, M.T. ( 2022).Ten Years Development Plan of Ethiopia (2021-2030): A Critical Review, 3- 8.