The Efforts of United Nations Women in Addressing The Issue of Dowry Death in India 2019-2022

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January 10, 2025

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February 11, 2025

Published

February 21, 2025

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Abstract

The dowry traditions has been in existence for a long time and is difficult to eradicate, serving as a symbol for the bride who will become a member of her husband's family. Over time, the basic essence and amount of dowry have changed. If the groom's family is not satisfied with the dowry given, it can lead to violence or even murder. The research method used is qualitative. This study aims to find out the problem of dowry death in India and the collaboration of UN Women and the Government of India in dealing with the problem of dowry death. The Indian government has also begun to think step by step that dealing with this case is still difficult to overcome, because the patriarchal culture is still strong. This study analyzes UN Women's cooperation with NGOs to deal with the dowry death problem. In 2019-2022, dowry death cases in India have started to decrease significantly. Although there are still many women who are not brave enough to report dowry violence.

Keywords

Dowry Government of India UN Women Dowry Death Anti-Dowry Program

References

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Asia Highlights. “The Caste System in India” https://www.asiahighlights.com/india/caste-
system diakses pada tanggal 22 mei 2024
Bagish Jha. (2023). “Husbands gets life in 2019 dowry death case by Panipat Court”
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/husband-gets-life-in-19-dowry-death-case/articleshow/99004266.cms diakses pada tanggal 30 mei 2024
Chaudhary, Surbhi. (2015). “Dowry and Dowry Death”
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/politiclaw/dowry-and-dowry-death-42574/ diakses pada tanggal 29 mei 2024
CNBCTV18. (2021). “19 women were killed for dowry every day in 2020: NCRB”
https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/19-women-were-killed-for-dowry-every-day-in-2020-ncrb-10758421.htm diakses pada tanggal 29 mei 2024
Daily News Indonesia. (2021). “Dowry: Beban Berat dalam Pernikahan Keluarga Miskin India” https://www.dailynewsindonesia.com/news/mancanegara/dowry-beban-berat-dalam-pernikahan-keluarga-miskin-india/ diakses pada tanggal 29 mei 2024
Fadhil Aprilyandi Sultan. (2023). Artikel LSF Discourse “Kajian Feminisme Eksistensialis Simone De Beauvoir: The Second Sex” https://lsfdiscourse.org/kajian-feminisme-eksistensialis-simone-de-beauvoir-the-second-sex/ diakses pada tanggal 30 Juli 2024
First Post. (2023). “Another dowry death in India: What are India’s laws on the menace?” https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/kerala-doctor-suicide-dowry-death-india-law-13481842.html diakses pada tanggal 03 Agustus 2024
Florida State College at Jacksonville “Caste System in Ancient India” https://fscj.pressbooks.pub/worldreligions/chapter/caste-system-in-ancient-india/#:~:text=Vaishya%20is%20the%20third%20Varna,from%20intentional%20or%20accidental%20misconduct. diakses pada tanggal 22 mei 2024
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PTI. (2024). “Husband, father-in-law arrested for woman’s death over dowry in India” https://www.deccanherald.com/india/haryana/husband-father-in-law-arrested-for-womans-death-over-dowry-in-noida-2961453 diakses pada tanggal 31 mei 2024
Rathore, Manya. (2024). “Number of reported dowry death cases in India in 2022, by leading state” https://www.statista.com/statistics/633011/reported-dowry-death-cases-by-state-india/ diakses pada tanggal 26 mei 2024
Rini. (2015). “Dowry dan Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan di India”. https://suluhperempuan.org/2015/01/24/dowry-dan-kekerasan-terhadap-perempuan-di-india.html diakses pada tanggal 23 mei 2024
Sood, Amy. (2021). “Families are at war over a wedding tradition India banned decades ago” https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/31/india/india-kerala-dowry-deaths-intl-hnk-dst/index.html diakses pada tanggal 31 mei 2024
Statista Research Department. (2024). “Total number of reported dowry death cases in India from 2005 to 2022” https://www.statista.com/statistics/632553/reported-dowry-death-cases-india/
Tawakal, Ikbal. (2021). “Gegara Mahar Nikah Kurang, Seorang Suami di India Bunuh Istri dengan Ular Kobra” https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/internasional/pr-012784432/gegara-mahar-nikah-kurang-seorang-suami-di-india-bunuh-istri-dengan-ular-kobra?page=all diakses pada tanggal 31 mei 2024
UN Women Asia and the Pacific. (n.d.). “CEDAW” https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/countries/india/cedaw diakses pada tanggal 10 Juni 2024
UN Women. (n.d.). “About UN Women” https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/about-us/about-un-women-1 diakses pada tanggal 2 juni 2024
UN Women. (n.d.). “CEDAW & Women’s Human Rights” https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/focus-areas/cedaw-human-rights diakses pada tanggal 2 juni 2024
UN Women. (n.d.). “Ending violence against women” https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women diakses pada tanggal 2 juni 2024
UN Women. (n.d.). “UN Women India: Advancing gender equality and empowering women across India” by UN Women https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/countries/india diakses pada tanggal 2 juni 2024
Journal
Amalia, Ezka. (n.d.). Mahar Pernikahan dalam Perspektif Feminis Studi Kasus: Mahar Modern (Dowry) di India dalam Perspektif Feminis Sosialis. https://www.scribd.com/document/95157367/Mahar-Modern-DOWRY-di-India-dalam-Perspektif-Feminis-Sosialis
Bahan Ajar. (2017). Pendekatan dalam Penelitian Kualitatif, Universitas Udayana. https://simdos.unud.ac.id/uploads/file_pendidikan_1_dir/434113472f0dc64681fc958a8037db67.pdf
Cikita, F., Eka Nizmi, Y., & Olyvia, Y. (2023). Upaya Pemerintah India Mengatasi Tradisi Dowry tahun 2015-2020. Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research, 3(2), 9326–9342.
Deshpande, Manali S. (2010). ”HISTORY OF THE INDIAN CASTE SYSTEM AND ITS IMPACT ON INDIA TODAY” SOCS 461, 462 Senior Project Social Sciences Department College of Liberal Arts CALIFORNIA POLYTHECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY, San Luis Obispo Fall
Dr.K.Neela Puspham. (2022). ”Dowry System in India”. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT). Volume 10, Issue 1 January 2022
Dwi, Risa Anggraini. 2023. “IMPLEMENTASI PRINSIP NON-DISKRIMINASI CEDAW DALAM MENGHAPUS DOWRY DEATH DI INDIA 2016-2021”
Fauzan, Ni’ami. (2021). “Studi Peraturan Mahar di Pakistan: Telaah Argumentasi dan Tujuan Pembentukan”. Jurnal Mahkamah: UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, diakses pada tanggal 07 Juli 2024 https://www.syekhnurjati.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/mahkamah/article/download/8735/3964
Fitrah Awaliyah Rumadaul. (2017). “PERAN UNITED NATIONS WOMEN DALAM MENANGGULANGI DISKRIMINASI TERHADAP PEREMPUAN DI AFGHANISTAN”. Global Political Studies Journal Vol. 1 No. 1 April 2017
Guswari, Andini. (2023). “Peran UN Women dalam Penanganan Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19 di India”. Universitas Bosowa Makassar
Israpil. (2017). “Budaya Patriarki dan Kekerasan Terhadap perempuan (Sejarah dan Perkembanganya),” Jurnal Pustaka, 2 (2017), 143-145.
Kautsarini, Dianita. (n.d.). “Tradisi Mahar : Aspek Diskriminasi Pada Kaum PerempuanIndia” https://www.academia.edu/10771127/TRADISI_MAHAR_ASPEK_DISKRIMINASI_PADA_KAUM_PEREMPUAN_INDIA diakses pada tanggal 23 mei 2024
Octaviani, S & Azizah, N. (2023). “Implementasi Program Anti-dowry UN Women dalam Upayanya mengatasi Permasalahan Dowry Death, India (2016-2021)”. Journal pf Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS), Vol 6, No. 2, November 2023: 906-918
Oktaviani, Jusmalia. (2017). “KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH INDIA DALAM MENGATASI MASALAH ‘DOWRY DEATHS”. Dinamika Global, Vol.02, No.01, Juni 2017
Pertiwi, W.S., Hidayat, A., & Rizki, K. (2021). “Implementasi CEDAW di India: Studi Kasus Diskriminasi Perempuan dalam Tradisi Pemberian Dowry”. IJGD: Indonesian Journal of Global Discourse Vol. 3 Ed.1. Pages 55 - 80, January - June 2021
Prof. Dr. Suryana, M.Si. (2010). “Metodologi Penelitian Model Prakatis Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif”. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Purnima Sharma, Christ. (2022). “The Changing Paradigms of Dowry Death in India”. Indian Journal of Integrated Research in Law. Volume II Issue I, ISSN: 2583-0538. Hal. 9
Resen, Putu Titah K. (n.d.). “Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan dan Keamanan Manusia (Studi Kasus: Dowry Murder di India)”. Jurnal Universitas Udayana https://simdos.unud.ac.id/uploads/file_penelitian_1_dir/f8e7df8e37b60498e64aa5995c70885c.pdf diakses pada tanggal 25 mei 2024
Ridha, Rasyid. (2023). “Program Anti-Dowry Oleh United Nations Women di India Tahun 2016-2018”. Vol. 10: Edisi II Juli - Desember 2023
Ruksin, Raudatul Ulum. (2018). “Institusi Minoritas dan Struktur Sosial di India”. Journal Multicultural and Multireligious. VOL. 17 NO. 1 (2018): JANUARI-JUNI 2018
Sari, Milya & Asmendri. (2020). “Penelitian Kepustakaan (Library Research) dalam Penelitian Pendidikan IPA”. 6 (1), hal. 41-53
Siswanto, Lisa C. (2017). Kegagalan Penerapan Prinsip CEDAW oleh India dalam Menangani Kasus Dowry Death, 6(Journal of International Relations Nomor 4), 517-524.
Sultana, Abeda. (2012). “Patriarchy and Women’s Subordination: A Theoretical Analysis”. Bangladesh Journals Online https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/AFJ/article/view/12929
Tobing, Bima Ardiansyah. (2024). “Peran Tradisi dan Budaya Dalam Menciptakan Ketidakadilan Terhadap Wanita India”. JoGP (Journal of Global Perspective) Vol. 2 No. 1 Juni 2024 Hal. 85-97
Book
A.Nunuk P. Murniati. (2004). “Getar Gender: Perempuan Indonesia dalam Perspektif Agama, Budaya, dan Keluarga”. Yayasan IndonesiaTera Anggota IKAPI, hal. 99
Acik. (2020). “Kritik Marxis Terhadap Teori Patriarki” Bintang Nusantara, 2
Ann Tickner & Laura Sjoberg. (2013). “Feminism”. Dalam Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki, dan Steve Smith. ‘International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity Edisi Ketiga’. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Hal. 212-214
Arivia, Gadis. (2006). “Feminisme: Sebuah Kata Hati”. Jakarta: KOMPAS
Book Chapter. (2022). “Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif”. CV Pradina Pustaka
DR. Boer Mauna. (2005). “Hukum Internasional: Pengertian, Peranan, dan Fungsi Dalam Era Dinamika Global”. (2nd ed.) Hal. 458-461. Bandung: PT Alumni
Dr. Yeyen Subandi, S.IP., M.A. (2021). Gender dan Hubungan Internasional. Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat: CV Alliv Renteng Mandiri.
Gamble, Sarah. (2010). “FEMINISME & POSTFEMINISME”. Yogyakarta: Jalasutra
Prof. Dr. Nurliah Nurdin, S.Sos, MA. 2022. “Hak Asasi Manusia Gender dan Demokrasi (Sebuah Tinjauan Teoritis Dan Praktis).” Prubalingga: CV Sketsa Media
Soekanto, Soerjono. (2012). “Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar”. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.Hal.207
Sugeng, Bob Hadiwinata. (2017). “Studi dan Teori Hubungan Internasional: Arus Utama, Alternatif, dan Reflektivis”. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obo

References

Article

Jawa Pos. (2018). “Tradisi Tak Ramah Perempuan di India”

https://www.pressreader.com/indonesia/jawa-pos/20180308/281603830975500

Asia Highlights. “The Caste System in India” https://www.asiahighlights.com/india/caste-

system diakses pada tanggal 22 mei 2024

Bagish Jha. (2023). “Husbands gets life in 2019 dowry death case by Panipat Court”

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/husband-gets-life-in-19-dowry-death-case/articleshow/99004266.cms diakses pada tanggal 30 mei 2024

Chaudhary, Surbhi. (2015). “Dowry and Dowry Death”

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/politiclaw/dowry-and-dowry-death-42574/ diakses pada tanggal 29 mei 2024

CNBCTV18. (2021). “19 women were killed for dowry every day in 2020: NCRB”

https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/19-women-were-killed-for-dowry-every-day-in-2020-ncrb-10758421.htm diakses pada tanggal 29 mei 2024

Daily News Indonesia. (2021). “Dowry: Beban Berat dalam Pernikahan Keluarga Miskin India” https://www.dailynewsindonesia.com/news/mancanegara/dowry-beban-berat-dalam-pernikahan-keluarga-miskin-india/ diakses pada tanggal 29 mei 2024

Fadhil Aprilyandi Sultan. (2023). Artikel LSF Discourse “Kajian Feminisme Eksistensialis Simone De Beauvoir: The Second Sex” https://lsfdiscourse.org/kajian-feminisme-eksistensialis-simone-de-beauvoir-the-second-sex/ diakses pada tanggal 30 Juli 2024

First Post. (2023). “Another dowry death in India: What are India’s laws on the menace?” https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/kerala-doctor-suicide-dowry-death-india-law-13481842.html diakses pada tanggal 03 Agustus 2024

Florida State College at Jacksonville “Caste System in Ancient India” https://fscj.pressbooks.pub/worldreligions/chapter/caste-system-in-ancient-india/#:~:text=Vaishya%20is%20the%20third%20Varna,from%20intentional%20or%20accidental%20misconduct. diakses pada tanggal 22 mei 2024

Komisi Nasional Anti Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan. (n.d.). Modul “Pendidikan HAM BERPERSPEKTIF GENDER”. https://komnasperempuan.go.id/instrumen-modul-referensi-pemantauan-detail/modul-pendidikan-ham-berperspektif-gender diakses pada tanggal 09 Juli 2024

KONSULAT JENDERAL REPUBLIK INDONESIA DI MUMBAI, REPUBLIK INDIA. (n.d.). “INDIA”. https://kemlu.go.id/mumbai/id/read/india/1078/etc-menu

KONSULAT JENDERAL REPUBLIK INDONESIA DI MUMBAI, REPUBLIK INDIA. (n.d.). “Profil Negara India”. https://kemlu.go.id/newdelhi/id/read/profil-negara-india/2228/etc-menu

PTI. (2024). “Husband, father-in-law arrested for woman’s death over dowry in India” https://www.deccanherald.com/india/haryana/husband-father-in-law-arrested-for-womans-death-over-dowry-in-noida-2961453 diakses pada tanggal 31 mei 2024

Rathore, Manya. (2024). “Number of reported dowry death cases in India in 2022, by leading state” https://www.statista.com/statistics/633011/reported-dowry-death-cases-by-state-india/ diakses pada tanggal 26 mei 2024

Rini. (2015). “Dowry dan Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan di India”. https://suluhperempuan.org/2015/01/24/dowry-dan-kekerasan-terhadap-perempuan-di-india.html diakses pada tanggal 23 mei 2024

Sood, Amy. (2021). “Families are at war over a wedding tradition India banned decades ago” https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/31/india/india-kerala-dowry-deaths-intl-hnk-dst/index.html diakses pada tanggal 31 mei 2024

Statista Research Department. (2024). “Total number of reported dowry death cases in India from 2005 to 2022” https://www.statista.com/statistics/632553/reported-dowry-death-cases-india/

Tawakal, Ikbal. (2021). “Gegara Mahar Nikah Kurang, Seorang Suami di India Bunuh Istri dengan Ular Kobra” https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/internasional/pr-012784432/gegara-mahar-nikah-kurang-seorang-suami-di-india-bunuh-istri-dengan-ular-kobra?page=all diakses pada tanggal 31 mei 2024

UN Women Asia and the Pacific. (n.d.). “CEDAW” https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/countries/india/cedaw diakses pada tanggal 10 Juni 2024

UN Women. (n.d.). “About UN Women” https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/about-us/about-un-women-1 diakses pada tanggal 2 juni 2024

UN Women. (n.d.). “CEDAW & Women’s Human Rights” https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/focus-areas/cedaw-human-rights diakses pada tanggal 2 juni 2024

UN Women. (n.d.). “Ending violence against women” https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women diakses pada tanggal 2 juni 2024

UN Women. (n.d.). “UN Women India: Advancing gender equality and empowering women across India” by UN Women https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/countries/india diakses pada tanggal 2 juni 2024

Journal

Amalia, Ezka. (n.d.). Mahar Pernikahan dalam Perspektif Feminis Studi Kasus: Mahar Modern (Dowry) di India dalam Perspektif Feminis Sosialis. https://www.scribd.com/document/95157367/Mahar-Modern-DOWRY-di-India-dalam-Perspektif-Feminis-Sosialis

Bahan Ajar. (2017). Pendekatan dalam Penelitian Kualitatif, Universitas Udayana. https://simdos.unud.ac.id/uploads/file_pendidikan_1_dir/434113472f0dc64681fc958a8037db67.pdf

Cikita, F., Eka Nizmi, Y., & Olyvia, Y. (2023). Upaya Pemerintah India Mengatasi Tradisi Dowry tahun 2015-2020. Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research, 3(2), 9326–9342.

Deshpande, Manali S. (2010). ”HISTORY OF THE INDIAN CASTE SYSTEM AND ITS IMPACT ON INDIA TODAY” SOCS 461, 462 Senior Project Social Sciences Department College of Liberal Arts CALIFORNIA POLYTHECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY, San Luis Obispo Fall

Dr.K.Neela Puspham. (2022). ”Dowry System in India”. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT). Volume 10, Issue 1 January 2022

Dwi, Risa Anggraini. 2023. “IMPLEMENTASI PRINSIP NON-DISKRIMINASI CEDAW DALAM MENGHAPUS DOWRY DEATH DI INDIA 2016-2021”

Fauzan, Ni’ami. (2021). “Studi Peraturan Mahar di Pakistan: Telaah Argumentasi dan Tujuan Pembentukan”. Jurnal Mahkamah: UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, diakses pada tanggal 07 Juli 2024 https://www.syekhnurjati.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/mahkamah/article/download/8735/3964

Fitrah Awaliyah Rumadaul. (2017). “PERAN UNITED NATIONS WOMEN DALAM MENANGGULANGI DISKRIMINASI TERHADAP PEREMPUAN DI AFGHANISTAN”. Global Political Studies Journal Vol. 1 No. 1 April 2017

Guswari, Andini. (2023). “Peran UN Women dalam Penanganan Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19 di India”. Universitas Bosowa Makassar

Israpil. (2017). “Budaya Patriarki dan Kekerasan Terhadap perempuan (Sejarah dan Perkembanganya),” Jurnal Pustaka, 2 (2017), 143-145.

Kautsarini, Dianita. (n.d.). “Tradisi Mahar : Aspek Diskriminasi Pada Kaum PerempuanIndia” https://www.academia.edu/10771127/TRADISI_MAHAR_ASPEK_DISKRIMINASI_PADA_KAUM_PEREMPUAN_INDIA diakses pada tanggal 23 mei 2024

Octaviani, S & Azizah, N. (2023). “Implementasi Program Anti-dowry UN Women dalam Upayanya mengatasi Permasalahan Dowry Death, India (2016-2021)”. Journal pf Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS), Vol 6, No. 2, November 2023: 906-918

Oktaviani, Jusmalia. (2017). “KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH INDIA DALAM MENGATASI MASALAH ‘DOWRY DEATHS”. Dinamika Global, Vol.02, No.01, Juni 2017

Pertiwi, W.S., Hidayat, A., & Rizki, K. (2021). “Implementasi CEDAW di India: Studi Kasus Diskriminasi Perempuan dalam Tradisi Pemberian Dowry”. IJGD: Indonesian Journal of Global Discourse Vol. 3 Ed.1. Pages 55 - 80, January - June 2021

Prof. Dr. Suryana, M.Si. (2010). “Metodologi Penelitian Model Prakatis Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif”. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Purnima Sharma, Christ. (2022). “The Changing Paradigms of Dowry Death in India”. Indian Journal of Integrated Research in Law. Volume II Issue I, ISSN: 2583-0538. Hal. 9

Resen, Putu Titah K. (n.d.). “Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan dan Keamanan Manusia (Studi Kasus: Dowry Murder di India)”. Jurnal Universitas Udayana https://simdos.unud.ac.id/uploads/file_penelitian_1_dir/f8e7df8e37b60498e64aa5995c70885c.pdf diakses pada tanggal 25 mei 2024

Ridha, Rasyid. (2023). “Program Anti-Dowry Oleh United Nations Women di India Tahun 2016-2018”. Vol. 10: Edisi II Juli - Desember 2023

Ruksin, Raudatul Ulum. (2018). “Institusi Minoritas dan Struktur Sosial di India”. Journal Multicultural and Multireligious. VOL. 17 NO. 1 (2018): JANUARI-JUNI 2018

Sari, Milya & Asmendri. (2020). “Penelitian Kepustakaan (Library Research) dalam Penelitian Pendidikan IPA”. 6 (1), hal. 41-53

Siswanto, Lisa C. (2017). Kegagalan Penerapan Prinsip CEDAW oleh India dalam Menangani Kasus Dowry Death, 6(Journal of International Relations Nomor 4), 517-524.

Sultana, Abeda. (2012). “Patriarchy and Women’s Subordination: A Theoretical Analysis”. Bangladesh Journals Online https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/AFJ/article/view/12929

Tobing, Bima Ardiansyah. (2024). “Peran Tradisi dan Budaya Dalam Menciptakan Ketidakadilan Terhadap Wanita India”. JoGP (Journal of Global Perspective) Vol. 2 No. 1 Juni 2024 Hal. 85-97

Book

A.Nunuk P. Murniati. (2004). “Getar Gender: Perempuan Indonesia dalam Perspektif Agama, Budaya, dan Keluarga”. Yayasan IndonesiaTera Anggota IKAPI, hal. 99

Acik. (2020). “Kritik Marxis Terhadap Teori Patriarki” Bintang Nusantara, 2

Ann Tickner & Laura Sjoberg. (2013). “Feminism”. Dalam Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki, dan Steve Smith. ‘International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity Edisi Ketiga’. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Hal. 212-214

Arivia, Gadis. (2006). “Feminisme: Sebuah Kata Hati”. Jakarta: KOMPAS

Book Chapter. (2022). “Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif”. CV Pradina Pustaka

DR. Boer Mauna. (2005). “Hukum Internasional: Pengertian, Peranan, dan Fungsi Dalam Era Dinamika Global”. (2nd ed.) Hal. 458-461. Bandung: PT Alumni

Dr. Yeyen Subandi, S.IP., M.A. (2021). Gender dan Hubungan Internasional. Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat: CV Alliv Renteng Mandiri.

Gamble, Sarah. (2010). “FEMINISME & POSTFEMINISME”. Yogyakarta: Jalasutra

Prof. Dr. Nurliah Nurdin, S.Sos, MA. 2022. “Hak Asasi Manusia Gender dan Demokrasi (Sebuah Tinjauan Teoritis Dan Praktis).” Prubalingga: CV Sketsa Media

Soekanto, Soerjono. (2012). “Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar”. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.Hal.207

Sugeng, Bob Hadiwinata. (2017). “Studi dan Teori Hubungan Internasional: Arus Utama, Alternatif, dan Reflektivis”. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obo