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Abstract
This article examines the development of ASEAN Computer Emergency Response Team (ASEAN CERT), which has experienced significant progress influenced by Singapore’s role as both an initiator and a technical norm entrepreneur in regional cybersecurity. Singapore’s active role is closely tied to its domestic interests in cybersecurity and its relevance to the progress of digital transformation, which remains vulnerable to cyber threats. Although ASEAN CERT has been adopted by consensus among all ASEAN member states, its implementation faces challenges due to differing understandings of the importance of CERT, as well as gaps in cybersecurity capacity and capability among ASEAN countries, which may hinder its implementation. This study aims to explore Singapore’s strategic position in utilizing its resources to bridge the technical CERT gap through the ASEAN cooperation framework, as well as to explore the potential of ASEAN CERT in supporting the development of ASEAN countries’ technical capacity and contributing to existing international norms.
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Article Details
References
- Articles and Publications
- ACICE (2024). Update on the Cyber Domain. ADMM Cybersecurity and Information Centre of Excellence. Retreived from https://www.acice-asean.org/files/cybersecurity%20centre%20reports/sep_24_cyber.pdf
- ASEAN (2018). Leader’s Statement on Cybersecurity Cooperation Strategy. 32nd ASEAN Summit. Retreived from https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ASEAN-Leaders-Statement-on-Cybersecurity-Cooperation.pdf
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- IBM (2024). Cost of Data Breach Report 2024. Retreived from https://www.ibm.com/reports/data-breach
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- Vu, C (2016). Cyber Security in Singapore. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. Retreived from https://rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/cyber-security-in-singapore/
- Journals
- Acharya.A (1998). Culture, security, multilateralism: The ‘ASEAN Way’ and Regional Order. Contemporary Security Policy. pp. 97-98
- Adamson, L (2019). Let Them Roar: Small States as Cyber Norm Entrepreneurs. European Foreign Affairs Review, Issue 2, pp. 217-234. https://doi.org/10.54648/eerr2019014
- Allison-Reumann, L. (2017). The Norm-Diffusion Capacity of ASEAN: Evidence and Challenges. Pacific Focus 32(1): 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/pafo.12089
- Chang, L (2017). Cybercrime and Cyber Security in ASEAN. Comparative Criminology in Asia pp 135-148. Diakses dari DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54942-2_10
- Finnemore, M & Hollis, D.B (2016). Constructing Norms for Global Cybersecurity. The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 110, No. 3. pp. 425-479. DOI:10.1017/S0002930000016894
- Finnemore, M & Sikkink, K (1998). International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organization Vol 52 (4). hlm. 894-905. DOI: 10.1162/002081898550789
- Permata, I & Nanda, B (2019). The Securitization of Cyber Issue in ASEAN. The International Conference on ASEAN 2019. pp. 90-97. DOI:10.1515/9783110678666-012
- Sari, M.N. (2023). ASEAN's Regional Effort on Cybersecurity and Its Effectiveness. KEIO SFC JOURNAL, 23(1). doi:10.14991/003.00230001-0026
- Tay, Lin K (2023). ASEAN Cyber-security Cooperation: Towards a Regional Emergency-response Framework. The International Institute for Strategic Studies. Diakses dari https://www.iiss.org/globalassets/media-library---content--migration/files/research-papers/2023/06/asean-cyber-security-cooperation.pdf
- Tran Dai, C., & Gomez, M. A. (2018). Challenges and opportunities for cyber norms in ASEAN. Journal of Cyber Policy, 3(2), 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2018.1487987
References
Articles and Publications
ACICE (2024). Update on the Cyber Domain. ADMM Cybersecurity and Information Centre of Excellence. Retreived from https://www.acice-asean.org/files/cybersecurity%20centre%20reports/sep_24_cyber.pdf
ASEAN (2018). Leader’s Statement on Cybersecurity Cooperation Strategy. 32nd ASEAN Summit. Retreived from https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ASEAN-Leaders-Statement-on-Cybersecurity-Cooperation.pdf
CCAPAC (2017). Norms for Cybersecurity in Southeast Asia. Access Partnership, Ltd. Retreived from https://ccapac.asia/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Norms-for-Cybersecurity-in-Southeast-Asia.pdf
CSA (2024). Singapore and ASEAN Member States Deepen Commitment to Enhance Collective Cybersecurity in the Region. Retreived from https://www.csa.gov.sg/news-events/press-releases/singapore-and-asean-member-states-deepen-commitment-to-enhance-collective-cybersecurity-in-the-region
IBM (2024). Cost of Data Breach Report 2024. Retreived from https://www.ibm.com/reports/data-breach
ITU. (2024). Global Cybersecurity Index 2024 5th Edition. ITU Publication. pp.28. Retreived from https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Cybersecurity/Documents/GCIv5/2401416_1b_Global-Cybersecurity-Index-E.pdf
UN General Assembly (2024). Report of the open-ended working group on security of and in the use of information and communications technologies 2021–2025. Retreived from https://docs.un.org/en/a/79/214#:~:text=At%20its%20eighth%20substantive%20session%2C%20on%2012,report%20of%20the%20open%2Dended%20working%20group%20(A/AC.&text=This%20third%20APR%20will%20be%20submitted%20to,the%20OEWG%27s%20mandate%20contained%20in%20resolution%2075/240
Vu, C (2016). Cyber Security in Singapore. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. Retreived from https://rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/cyber-security-in-singapore/
Journals
Acharya.A (1998). Culture, security, multilateralism: The ‘ASEAN Way’ and Regional Order. Contemporary Security Policy. pp. 97-98
Adamson, L (2019). Let Them Roar: Small States as Cyber Norm Entrepreneurs. European Foreign Affairs Review, Issue 2, pp. 217-234. https://doi.org/10.54648/eerr2019014
Allison-Reumann, L. (2017). The Norm-Diffusion Capacity of ASEAN: Evidence and Challenges. Pacific Focus 32(1): 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/pafo.12089
Chang, L (2017). Cybercrime and Cyber Security in ASEAN. Comparative Criminology in Asia pp 135-148. Diakses dari DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54942-2_10
Finnemore, M & Hollis, D.B (2016). Constructing Norms for Global Cybersecurity. The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 110, No. 3. pp. 425-479. DOI:10.1017/S0002930000016894
Finnemore, M & Sikkink, K (1998). International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organization Vol 52 (4). hlm. 894-905. DOI: 10.1162/002081898550789
Permata, I & Nanda, B (2019). The Securitization of Cyber Issue in ASEAN. The International Conference on ASEAN 2019. pp. 90-97. DOI:10.1515/9783110678666-012
Sari, M.N. (2023). ASEAN's Regional Effort on Cybersecurity and Its Effectiveness. KEIO SFC JOURNAL, 23(1). doi:10.14991/003.00230001-0026
Tay, Lin K (2023). ASEAN Cyber-security Cooperation: Towards a Regional Emergency-response Framework. The International Institute for Strategic Studies. Diakses dari https://www.iiss.org/globalassets/media-library---content--migration/files/research-papers/2023/06/asean-cyber-security-cooperation.pdf
Tran Dai, C., & Gomez, M. A. (2018). Challenges and opportunities for cyber norms in ASEAN. Journal of Cyber Policy, 3(2), 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2018.1487987