AN ANALYSIS ON SUSTAINABILITY OF SHARK UTILIZATION USING FISH RESOURCES AND FISHING TECHNIQUES APPROACH IN SELAYAR ISLAND REGENCY

The research aims to record the types of shark utilization in Selayar Islands Regency, explore the spread and shark status of the Regency of Selayar Islands, and examine the sustainability status of shark utilization by fisherman in Selayar Islands. The research method was based on the assessment of EAFM indicator assessments to assess the performance of shark resource management on Tarupa Island, Rajuni Island, Polassi Island and Kayuadi Island Selayar Islands Regency with an indicator approach involving two domains, i.e (1) Fish resources and (2) Fishing technique. The methods of obtaining the data were survey by extracting the data through interviews/questionnaire. The sample was determined using purposive sampling technique. The results of the research indicate that the status of utilizing shark fishery in Selayar Islands Regency is currently in medium category. The main issues indicated are a decrease in catch size and the catch of sharks that are not feasible to catch (50% of catch <Lm). The domains that need to get primary attention in the management of sharks fisheries are the domains of fish resources and fishing technique. The efforts of management carried out in each fields are based on central issues that emerge. Connectivity efforts between communities and institutions are needed to produce functional fisheries management status so that the sustainability of shark resources in Selayar Islands Regency can be sustainable


INTRODUCTION
Sharks are a fishery resource which has important value from ecological aspects which have a very wide habitat distribution from coastal watersheds, crossing continuous slopes to deep seas. Sharks and rays have very slow growth and take years to reach adulthood. As the top predator in the trophic level in the sea, sharks determine the balance of ecosystems in an aquatic area (WWF, 2016). According to Law No. 5 of 1990 concerning Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems, it is explained that the management and utilization of biological natural resources is carried out wisely to ensure the sustainability of its supplies while maintaining and improving the quality of diversity and its value. Therefore, the preservation of sharks also continues to be carried out by the government, academics and practitioners in an effort to realize the rules that have been previously determined by carrying out planning to the establishment of applicable regulations. According to personal observations in the waters of the Selayar Islands Regency, sharks are often caught by fishermen using longline. The capture of sharks in fishing gear is divided into two types of businesses. First, caught because the shark is a main target. Second, sharks caught accidently (by-catch) by fishing gear. The interesting thing about the shark market in Selayar have a difference price of each part of the body in the packaging process, 1 bunch of shark meat filled with 5 pieces of meat, dried meat are range only around Rp 10,000-15,000, while the dried fins are range of 75,000-2,000,000 / Kg. The effort to regulate the capture of sharks until trade continues to be carried out by the government to maintain the sustainability of its resources. However, to implement the plan, valid and up-todate data are needed, so that planning is carried out on target and in accordance with the status of utilization. Based on the above description of the research conducted in the territorial waters in the Selayar Islands Regency with the consideration that shark catchers can be found in this area

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This research was conducted in March -September 2018 on several islands of the Selayar Islands Regency namely Tarupa Island, Rajuni Island , Polassi Island and Kayuadi Island.
The materials used in this study were questionnaire tools, data on resources and the fisheries environment in the Marine and Fisheries Service of Selayar Regency and other related agencies, while the tools used were as follows: Sabak, used as stationery during observation in research sites. The recorder, as a voice recorder when conducting interviews with respondents. Roll meters, measuring the length of the fish. Scales, used to measure fish weight. The camera, used to document activities during research. Global Positioning System (GPS), used to collect coordinates of fishing ground locations.

Data collection
The types of data collected are primary data and secondary data. Primary data collection is done through direct observation and recording in the field, interviews, and filling out the questionnaire. Interviews were conducted with shark-catching fishermen and the data collection was carried out by participating with fishermen while at sea.

Primary
Primary data collection was carried out using direct observation and measurement methods in the field, and structured interviews with the help of questionnaires. The activities undertaken in primary data collection include the following; Data collection on fishing ground points using GPS. Viewing the process of catching sharks. Viewing and recording the equipment and tools of sharks fishing. Collecting catches. Documenting activities during the trip. Calculating and recording the trip time. In collecting the data, fishermen catches by identifying species, counting the number of tails, and measuring length and weight. For identification of shark species based on the book identification of shark and ray species, namely Economically Important Sharks and Rays of Indonesia (White et al., 2006).

Secondary
Secondary data collection through literature study by collecting all information relating to the study in research from various related agencies.

Respondents
The number of respondents was determined using purposive sampling technique (Adrianto 2005;Sugiyono 2011). In this study, the number of sharkcatching fishermen in the Selayar Archipelago District were 9 people consisting of 5 people from Tarupa Island, 1 person from Rajuni Island, 2 people from Polassi Island and 1 person from Kayuadi Island.

EAFM
Data collected based on the purpose of this study includes four domains referring to the National Working Group Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (NWG EAFM, 2014) module, namely: (1) The domain of fish resources and (2) The domain of capture technology (Table 1).

Data Analysis
The analysis in this study focused on the domain of fish resources and fishing techniques. Analysis of the data used a simple scoring system based on indicators that are assessed with a Likert-based Likert score of 1,2,3 whose category is the greater the score, the better the management action (KKP, 2014).
Furthermore, it was analyzed using a simple composite analysis based on arithmetic averages with five classification criteria displayed in the form of a flag model, Table 2. The size of the smaller fish 2 : The size of the fish is relatively moderate 3 : The size is getting bigger 2 Juvenile proportion The proportion of target fish is getting smaller 2 : The proportion of target fish is relatively the same as non-target 3 : The proportion of non-target fish is greater 4 ETP Species  The distribution of shark length that was predominantly caught by fishermen tended to vary. Sharks from Carcharhinus sorrah species are the most caught with a size of 83.7 -216 cm in 15 heads on Tarupa Island, size 87 -95 cm in 2 heads on Rajuni Island and on Polassi Island the size of captured is 35 -103, 7 cm totaling 8 birds. The same tendency is also found in species Carcharhinus melapnoterus which is the most species caught of fishermen who come from Kayuadi Island at birth size range from 20 to 78 cm by 5, size 88.9 to 93.26 cm by 3 in Tarupa Island and measuring 76 cm by 1 animal on Polassi Island. In addition, species of Nerbius ferrugineuswere also found in Rajuni Island with a length of 175 cm and 1 length and range from 87-112.2 on Polassi Island with 3 tails (Table 3). Based on the NWAF EAFM indicator module, this indicator gets a score of 1.

Juvenile proportions
The proportion of juvenile catches of fishermen was 2 species, Carcharhinus sorrahout species of a total of 25 heads, Carcharhinus melapnoterus species there were 4 juveniles out of 9 total catches, so the proportion of juvenile catches by fishermen is 52.44% (Table 4). Based on the NWAF EAFM indicator module, this indicator gets a score of 2.

Species composition
Carcharhinus sorrah species was the dominant species caught with the number 15 Tarupa tail Island, 2 goats on the island Rajuni and 8 tail PolassiIsland. Carcharhinus melapnoterus species had a total catch of 3 in Tarupa Island, 1 in Polassi Island and 5 in Kayuadi Island. Nerbius ferrugineus species were 1 in Rajuni Island and 3 in Polassi Island. So the composition of the shark species caught was relatively the same (Table 5). Based on the NWAF EAFM indicator module, this indicator gets a score of 2.

ETP species
In the IUCN red list, there are several statuses given to shark species according to the conditions of their resources in the world.  (Table 6). Based on the NWAF EAFM indicator module, this indicator gets a score of 1.
Fishermen from Polassi Island and Kayuadi Island are located near the waters of the island (Figure 8 and Figure 9). Based on the NWAF EAFM indicator module, this indicator gets a score of 3. Analysis of the data in the fish resource domain can be seen in Table 7. Total 100 The results of the analysis of the fish resource domain showed a composite value of 55% with the medium category. On the indicator of the size of the shark caught, the average dominant fish caught is getting smaller with the proportion of juveniles at 52.44%. Indicators of composition of shark species caught were relatively the same as ETP species status> 1 and indicators of shark capture location were relatively fixed.

Fishing Techniques Domain
The EAFM approach in the fishing technique domain there are five attributes that become a measure of the assessment of fish resource utilization activities, namely Modification of fishing equipment and fishing aids; Matching the function and size of fishing vessels with legal documents; Fishing gear selectivity and fisheries crew certification according to regulations;

Modification of fishing gear and fishing aids
In operation, fishermen generally use fishing rods and basic longlines with varying sizes of main ropes and life buoys, and fishing line models C and J with tation numbers 5000-10000. The use of fishing gear has been used for generations to date. Longline fishing gear consists of several parts, among others:

Main rope
The main rope functions as a branch strap. Material that is often used by fishermen for nylon main ropes. The size of the main rope of a longline ranges from 9 to 375 meters.

Branch cords
Branch cords are ropes that hang on the main rope and function as a fishing ground. The material used by fishermen for basic longline branch ropes is polyethylene with a diameter of 3 mm. The average length of a branch rope is 1.5 -3 meters. Buoy rope is a rope that connects the main rope with buoy. The buoy rope also functions as a determinant of the depth and position of the basic longline in the waters.

Fishing line
The fishing line is the base from which the bait depends. The fishing line models used are models C and J. One basic longline unit usually ranges from 6 to 90 hooks. Based on the frequency distribution of sharks 'length of fishermen's catches can be seen in Figure 3  The results of data analysis showed 25 species of Chacharhinus sorrah caught, with 6 or 24% which were small, so that the species is not feasible to catch and the rest that are worth catching as many as 19 heads or by 76%. While Charchahinus melapnoterus and Nerbius ferrugenius species amount to 100% of the total catch of fishermen were also not feasible to catch (Figure 3). This indicated that> 50% of sharks caught by fishermen were below Lm. Based on the NWAF EAFM indicator module this indicator gets a score of 1.

Suitability of function and size of fishing vessels with legal documents
Ships are the infrastructure of fishermen towards fishing ground. The ships are made from two main raw materials. Some ships use wood and others use fiber. The standard selection is based on the budged and fisherman skills in its operation. The specifications of fishing boats can be seen in Table  8. Ships used in catching sharks <5 GT in various sizes. The fishing boats used were privately owned with sizes 24 and 30 PK and all vessels do not have documents. Based on the results of interviews, ship documents were only for ships of size> 5 GT. In addition, the handling of the documents was far from where they live so that to take care of all the ship's equipment takes quite a lot of time and money. Based on the NWAF EAFM indicator module this indicator gets a score of 1.

Fishing gear selectivity
Fishing gear selectivity was a fishing activity with an area of fishing area, length of time used and diversity of catches obtained. The interview results showed that 100% of the fishing gear used by fishermen in shark fishing operations in the waters of the Selayar Regency Islands was basic longline.
In the NWAF EAFM module (2014), it states that fishing gear (longline tuna, drift longline, fixed longline, huhate, trolling line and handline fishing line) is a fishing gear that is classified as having a high level of selectivity. Based on the NWAF EAFM indicator module this indicator gets a score of 3.

Certification of fishing vessel crews is in accordance with regulations.
In the fisheries crew certification indicators all fishing vessel crews are required to have seafaring expertise certificates such as the Nautical Fishing Vessel Certificate I / II / III (Ankapin) or the I / II / III Fishing Vessel Technical Certificate (Atkapin) depending on their respective fields respectively.
Interviews showed that all crew members operating in catching sharks are not equipped with Ankapin or Atkapin certificates. Fishermen who work on fishing vessels do not even know the certificate. Based on the NWAF EAFM indicator module this indicator gets a score of 1. Analysis of the data in the domain of fishing techniques can be seen in Table 9. The results of the analysis of the fishing technique domain showed a composite value of 53.33% with the medium category. In the indicator of modification of fishing gear and fishing aids more than 50% the size of the target species <Lm with the selectivity of fishing gear used in shark fishing is high. Indicators of suitability of function and size of fishing vessels were not in accordance with legal documents, because all the vessels used by fishermen in shark fishing do not have documents.
In addition, all crew members were not equipped with certificates.
In the domain of fish resources and fishing techniques have low values with moderate descriptions. This indicates that the indicators in the domain were mostly below the reference point, thus gaining top priority in management efforts.  ( Dulvy et al. 2014). Of these, Indonesia is the largest shark producing country in the world, with a contribution of 16.8% of the total world catch (Effendi et al, 2018).

Domain of fish resources
Sharks fishing in Indonesia is generally carried out by small-scale fishermen (Fahmi and Darmadi, 2013). Selayar Islands Regency is one of the areas that contributes to shark production in South Sulawesi. The results of the analysis of the fish resource domain showed a composite value of 55% with a moderate category (Table 7). This was because the trend in the size of sharks caught by fishermen was mostly classified as young and immature gonads (Table 3 and Appendix 6). This indicates that shark fishing in the Selayar islands had reached its maximum limit (Overfishing). Growth overfishing occurs when the catch is dominated by small fish or young fish at growth size (Diekert 2010). Furthermore Fitriya (2017), states that overfishing will lead to the condition of growth overfishing which causes a decrease in fish stock due to young fish caught that have not reached adulthood or optimum growth.
The percentage of juvenile catches caught by fishermen was 2.44% (Table 4). This indicates that the reproductive characteristics of each type of shark were not the same and the number of children born is also different, thus causing the dominance of the types of sharks caught. According to Bhagawati et al (2017), there are sharks that give birth more frequently than others. Besides that, there were also sharks that give birth to children in large numbers, so naturally the species of fish is more abundant than others, as is the case of sharks in the Carcharhinidae family, Carcharhinus sorrah and Carcharhinus melapnoterus. This situation was also reported by PPSC (2015), that during 2011-2015 shark fishing activities increased from 11 recorded species, there were four types of which were Carcharhinidae family. The diversity of the Carcharhinidae family caught showed that the family of shark species had the same behavior, living habits and distribution areas. The similarity makes it easier for fishermen to determine how to catch, the tools used and the location of fishing (Campagno, 1984). Several factors affect the number of sharks that are caught by fishermen due to the ability of fishing vessels and catchment areas (Diekert, 2010).
There are 2 family composition of fishery shark species, namely Carcharhinidae and Ginglymostomatidae.
Carcharhinidae family consists of Carcharhinus sorrah and Carcharhinus melapnoterus species which are classified as Near Threatened (NT) or almost threatened. The Ginglymostomatidae family consists of Nerbius ferrugineus species that are classified as vulnerable (VU) or vulnerable to extinction (Table 6). Fahmi and Dharmadi (2013), stated that the development of shark trade that continues to increase and the increasingly intensive catching of sharks causes some species to be vulnerable to population decline in Indonesia. Most of the shark species that are included in the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) red list.
The determination of fishing ground in catching sharks is based on the distance of the fishing base location from each fisherman. Generally, traditional fishermen catch sharks in areas not far from coastal waters and at relatively shallow depths, while small or still-sized sharks generally make coastal waters and relatively shallow waters as nursery ground (Froese, 2004) . Furthermore Effendi, et al (2018), stated that shark fishing activities are generally carried out in shallow coastal waters which are nursery and feeding grounds.

Domain of fishing technique
The results of the analysis of the fishing technique domain showed a composite value of 53.33% with medium category (Table 9). This was because the indicators for modification of fishing gear and fishing aids were more than 50% of the target species size <Lm (Figure 3 and Appendix 6). This condition has a high risk of overfishing if the fishing pressure continues. Furthermore Froose (2004), states that the proportion of maximum growth (mega spawner) with condition> 30% indicates that shark populations are in good condition with lower risk of catching, whereas if the proportion of mega spawner is less than 20% indicates the population is likely affected fisheries due to catch are more on size of immature gonads or overfishing recruitment (Froese, 2004).
The indicators of the suitability of ship functions and the size of fishing vessels with legal documents showed that the vessels used by fishermen in shark fishing are <5 GT in size. The longline fishing boat was privately owned with a machine size of 24-30 PK and all ships do not have documents (Table 8 and Appendix 1). Based on the results of interviews, ship documents were only for ships of size> 5 GT. In addition, the handling of the documents was far from where they live so that to take care of all the ship's equipment took quite a lot of time and money. According to Gillet (2011), small scale fishermen can be seen from the tonnage size of the fishing fleet <5 GT, the distance to the location of fishing ground is not more than 3 miles from the coast to the sea, the type of machine used is below 60 PK. The main fishing gear used by shark fishing vessels in the waters of the Selayar Regency Islands was the basic longline ( Figure 1). According to Sudirman and Mallawa (2004), longline fishing gear consists of a series of main lines, a float and a float line where at the main rope at a certain distance there were several shorter branch lines and smaller in diameter, and at the end of the branch rope there is a hook. Longline fishing rods consist of two types, namely longline mounted at the bottom of the water within a certain period of time (bottom or set long line) and which was mounted on the surface and drifted with the current (surface or drift long line). The decrease in fishing gear (setting) and withdrawal (hauling) is done manually (human power) without using tools (line hauler). This was because shark fishing vessels owned by fishermen are categorized as artisanal / traditional vessels so that all the processes and technologies used are still relatively simple. According to Sentosa (2016), catching sharks with surface longlines by fishermen is included in the artisanal fisheries category which has limiting factors in the form of bait and accommodation costs.
Fishing selectivity is a fishing activity that is related to the extent of the fishing area, the length of time used and the diversity of catches obtained (Wahid, 2019). Judging from the selectivity, longline fishing gear was a fishing gear that is classified as high selectivity. Based on the EAFM module (2014), fishing gear (longline tuna, drift longline, fixed longline, huhate, trolling line and handline) is a fishing gear that is classified as having a high level of selectivity. According to Wahid (2019), sustainable fisheries will be hampered if there are no boundaries for fishing areas, making it difficult for fish to find breeding grounds and grow. If the fishing activities were carried out throughout the year, the fish will lose time to grow and if there is no regulation of the type of fishing gear, the diversity of fish will decrease.
Interview results also showed that all crew members operating in shark fishing were not equipped with an Nautical Fishing Boat Expert (ANKAPIN) or a Fishing Boat Technician (ATKAPIN). This was because fishermen and boat crews who work in catching sharks do not even know the certificate. According to Monintja (2016), various basic requirements in participating in certification activities are quite difficult given by fishermen because of the limited formal education completed. One of the regulations governing ship crew certification is KEPMENHUB No.9 of 2005 concerning Education and Training, Exams and Certification for Seafarers of Fishing Vessels, Certificates of Expertise (Certifcate of Profession / COP) explained that fishing vessel crews consist of Nautical Fishing Vessels (ANKAPIN) for deck officers and Level Fishing Boat Engineers (ATKAPIN) for engine officers. The certification quality test standards refer to the 1995 International Training of Certified Watchkeeping-Fisheries (STCW-F) regulations from the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The authority of the fishing vessel crew is based on three main factors namely the Gross Tonage (GT) of the ship (minimum 30 GT), the length of the ship <12m> 24m and the area of shipping operations (<60 miles -EEZ). So when referring to these criteria, sharkcatching fishermen in the Selayar Archipelago do not qualify as required to have a certificate because ships operated by fishermen to catch sharks are small and can be operated by just one person. The skills of the various types of work they have come from informal experience when participating in and watching parents go to sea.

Application of EAFM in shark management
Assessment of EAFM indicators refers to the National Working Group on Ecocytem Approach to Fisheries Management, Directorate of Fish Resources, Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (2014). The assessment results show that the status of shark fisheries management in the Selayar Islands District was in the medium category (Table 12). The current category in management status shows that shark fisheries in the Selayar Islands Regency had not experienced a decline, but more intensive management efforts were needed to support the sustainability of resources. Puspasari et al (2014), stated that in the effort to implement EAFM there are 4 steps that must be carried out after assessing the indicators, namely (1) determining the main issues, (2) setting operational objectives, (3) implementing management and (4) monitoring evaluation . Monitoring and evaluation is carried out after the implementation process, so it is not discussed in this study.
Determination of the main issues is based on scoring and weighting of each indicator by the method used by Fletcher (2011). Furthermore Puspasari et al., (2014), states that the main issue is determined from indicators that have high weights with low scores. From the results of the analysis, three main issues and management of shark fisheries were determined from four domains which can be seen in Table 13.
Recommendations compiled based on the results of the assessment of the EAFM indicator is needed in order to improve conditions that are still lacking or moderate (Wahid et al, 2019). For the fish resource domain there were a number of recommendations, namely making regulations on the minimum size of sharks that can be caught by first conducting a scientific study related to these sizes and socializing P-ISSN: 2460-0156 E-ISSN: 2614-5049 in the form of a Foccus Group Discussion (FGD) to shark fishermen related to the size and type of sharks that are worth catching and the status of each type of shark. For the domain of fishing techniques the recommendation was the rule of type and classification of assistive technology that supports the precautionary principle in the use of fish resources.

CONCLUSION
Shark resource stock had decreased in catch which was characterized by the average size of the catch getting smaller with a juvenile proportion of 52.44%, the composition of the shark species caught was relatively the same as the status of Near Threatened (NT) or Near Threatened and Vulnerable (VU) or are vulnerable to extinction and the location of shark capture was relatively fixed.
The modification of fishing gear and fishing aids of more than 50% of target species size <Lm with the selectivity of fishing gear used in shark fishing were high, the suitability of the function and size of fishing vessels were not in accordance with legal documents, besides all the vessels used by fishermen catching sharks has no documents. In addition, all crew members were not equipped with certificates.