Deixis in English and Buginese

The phenomenon of deixis is the most obvious way to describe the relationship between language and context within the structure of the language itself. The aims of the research were to observe the type of location deixis used in English and Buginese and to explain their differences by using Stephen C. Levinson's Theory. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method, conducted in Barebbo Sub-district, Bone Regency. The Buginese data were collected from note-taking and recording, and English data were from internet. The result of this research indicated that deixis in English and Buginese were used in certain context. They were different especially in English which used 4 types of location to indicate something in a conversation between two or more people. Buginese used 9 different words based on distance of the speaker, hearer and object. Difference of location Deixis in English and Buginese were influenced by the culture and different way of wording in language.


Introduction
Communication will proceed smoothly if the target language is used appropriately. This means that the language used in accordance with the circumstances of the speaker. The use of such language is called pragmatics. Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of language (Levinson, 1983). Since language plays an important role in everyday life, and that the reason language cannot be separated from the meaning and significance in every word spoken. Pragmatics is an approach used to explore the way of listener to inference an utterance uttered by the VSHDNHU LQ RUGHU WR DUULYH DW DQ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI WKH VSHDNHU ¶V intended meaning (Ekowati & Sofwan, 2014).
In human life, people need media to communicate with the others. The media is called language which is used to express ideas, feelings, needs and other needs. Any expressions have a different purposes depend on the speaker's intent. Deixis remains a PDMRU WRSLF RI GLVFXVVLRQ LQ WKH SUDJPDWLF ILHOG PHDQLQJ ³SRLQWLQJ´ RU ³LQGLFDWLQJ´ =KDQJ et al., 2013). A word is said to be deixis if reference moving or changing, depending on the time and place of the word spoken, for example, word I, here, and now (Rosmawaty, 2013). Deixis is a way to know the main facts on the language interpreted only in the 1 Moeslem University of Maros sense intended by the speaker and the situation at the time of speaking. in having a communicative communication, the right usage of deixis becomes an important factor in building a success communication (Rachmawati, 2011). In linguistics three main types of deixis are distinguished: person, spatial, temporal (Susinskiene, 2013).
Information uttered by the speakers refers to different things. Every word has a meaning to appoint a person, place or time. Actually, when the people understand the meaning of the speaker it is very difficult especially if you do not know the context of the conversation. In this case the deixis describes part of the discourse analysis, which involves the context of the speech, referring to whom is speaking, time or place, the attitude of the speaker or the location of the discourse. Regarding to this, Adegoyu, in her journal (2014), also chose Deixis to be analyzed in her research. She focused her research only in Person Deixis. Besides that, another study which also represents similarity with this research is a journal which is conducted by Rosmawati (2013), she chose deixis that performed in the novel.
An information basically requires adequacy in the internal structure of the information itself so that the people can understand the message properly. The issue will arise, what if that information can only be understood from the context. Deixis is the term used to indicate the necessity of the presence of these references in the information. Deixis concerns the ways in which languages encode or grammaticalize features of the context of utterance or speech event, and thus also concerns ways in which the interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of that context of utterance (Levinson, 1983). Deixis in its traditional linguistic sense refers to the fact that certain linguistic forms have direct pragmatic interpretation depending on parameters of the speech situation, rather than a stable semantic value (Yang, 2011).
In speaking activities, the understanding background of the speaker and the interlocutor is very important in communication. The interlocutor would be easier to understand the meaning because of the context. Therefore, the relation between language and context is regarded as a crucial thing to comprehend the meaning of language. Deixis system in one language is different with other languages system because each language has different rules and cultural backgrounds. Then the different system gives the demands of their own language for others who want to learn or use them in communication event.
The writer tends to analyze a conversation by reason that in a conversation there must be a context that surrounds the language. Therefore, a conversation is a good topic to be analyzed in finding the deixis. Conversation is the way in which people socialize and develop and sustain their relationship with each other (Liddicoat, 2007).
In this research, the writer chooses English and Buginese language. The Bugis is one of the largest ethnic groups in Eastern Indonesia (Mahmud, 2010). It has its own original language named basa ugi (Buginese language) which is different from other languages even with Bahasa Indonesia as the national language (Yunus, 2014). In this study the writer examined the similarities and differences deixis in English and Buginese language. In English they use simSO\ µWKLV ¶ DQG µWKDW ¶ µKHUH ¶ DQG µWKHUH ¶ E\ WKH VSHDNHU DQG hearer. In Buginese, they use different words as the influenced of the different way of life and way of thinking. From these descriptions, the writer is interested to analyze the location deixis in English and Buginese E\ XVLQJ 6WHSKHQ & /HYLQVRQ ¶V 7KHRU\ 7KHUHIRUH the writer determines the title of this analysis is Deixis in English and Buginese.

Research Design
In this research, the writer used descriptive qualitative method. This method is used to reveal the type of deixis that used in English and Buginese and to explain the different deixis between English and Buginese. The writer collected all primary data and read several sources to find appropriate materials. The writer also looked for some information on internet to complete the needs of this research.

Source of Data
The focus of this research is the Buginese language, so that the source of the data in this research is Buginese society in Bone especially in Barebbo Subdistrict. Therefore the write elaborated the utterances which consist of deixis. Beside Buginese language, the writer also collected data from American society. The resource is downloaded from internet.

Method of Data Collection
The objective of this research is to analyze deixis in English and Buginese language. Therefore, in collecting the Buginese data the writer used note-taking technique and recording. The writer wrote down each sentence. Then, the writer categorized them in accordance of their types. Meanwhile, the data of English deixis were collected from movie quotation.

Method of Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the writer used descriptive qualitative method which describes the fact and the phenomena as the way they are. This is meant to find several descriptions about deixis in English and Buginese language based on the data that have been collected.

Findings
This part presents research findings of deixis in English and Buginese and the discussion. The analysis of some data includes the simple introduction, the data, and the analysis based on deixis theory in each data as follows:

Deixis in Buginese
There are some various data of Deixis that have been collected by the writer.

Deixis in English
Beside Buginese language, the writer also will collect data from American society. The resource is downloaded from internet. There are some various data of Deixis that have been collected by the writer. The deixis that mostly used, those are this, that, here and there. Here are the data that have been collected: This:

Discussion
Based on the findings of this research, there are several kind of deixis in Buginese those are: Ayye & Iyyae (This), Iyaro & Iyatu (That), Koye & Komai (Here), Katu, kero & .HQGD ¶UR (There). On the other hand, Deixis in English are this, that, here and there. By analyzing interaction in each social situation, the writer finds that the different used of location deixis in English and Buginese is based on the distance between the speaker, the hearer and the things that pointed.
Thus, by considering the finding of this research in which it is contrary with /HYLQVRQ ¶V WKHRU\ WKDW VWDWHG WKDW ORFDWLRQ GHL[LV FRQFHUQV ZLWK WKH HQFRGLQJ RI VSDWLDO locations relative to the location of the participants in the speech event and such distinction are commonly used demonstratives those are this and that, and in adverbs of place those are here and there. Hence this research finds that deixis is not simply signed by the word this and here that indicated the thing is near not only near from the speaker but sometimes near from the hearer but in Buginese they use some words those are ayye, iyyae, koye, komai. Also, deixis is not simply signed by the word that and there that indicate the thing is far from the speaker but in Buginese they use some different words those are iyaro, iyatu, katu, NHUR NHQGD ¶UR From the explanation above it can be said that the location deixis in English and Buginese is different. The data explain that in English, the use simply the word this to point to the location of a thing neither the thing is hold by the speaker (really close to the speaker) nor it is not so far from the speaker but the thing is not hold by the speaker. It is different from Buginese where in Buginese they use ayye and iyyae. The location deixis ayye is use to point to the location of a thing that hold by the speaker while the location deixis iyyae is used to point to the location of a thing that it not so far from the speaker but the thing is not hold by the speaker. In English, the use simply the word that to point to the location of a thing neither the thing is hold by the hearer (really close to the hearer) nor it is not hold by the speaker. It is different from Buginese where in Buginese they use iyatu and iyaro. The location deixis iyatu is use to point to the location of a thing that hold by the hearer while the location deixis iyaro is used to point to the location of a thing that its not hold by the speaker.
From the explanation above it can be also said that the location deixis in English and Buginese is different. The data explain that in English, the use simply the word here to point to the location of the place which is close to the speaker or not so close to the speaker and the hearer. It is different from Buginese where in Buginese they use koye and koyede. The location deixis koye is used to point to place around where the speaker and the hearer are. The location deixis koyede is used to point to the right location where the speaker and the hearer are. In English and Buginese is different. The data explain that in English, the use simply the word there to point to the location of the place which is close, not so far, or far/so far from the speaker and the hearer. It is different from Buginese where in Buginese they use katu, kero and NHQGD ¶UR. The location deixis katu is used to point to the location of a place that close or near to the speaker and hearer. The location deixis kero is used to point to the location of a place that not so far from the speaker and the hearer. The location deixis NHQGD ¶UR is used to point to the location of a place that far/so far from the speaker and the hearer.

Conclusion
Based on the result of the research that had been obtained and analyzed, it can be conclude that Deixis in English and Buginese is different especially location deixis. In English simply use this, that, here and there to point something at the time between two people or more in such conversation. On the other hand, in Buginese when the people want to point something they use Ayye, Iyyae, Iyaro, Iyatu, Koye, Koyede, Katu, Kero, and KHQGD ¶UR The difference of location Deixis in English and Buginese is influenced by the culture, the way of life and thought. In English they use simply four words different in distance of the speaker and hearer. But in Buginese, they use nine words different in distance of the speaker, hearer and object. There are other types of deixis which are interesting for the next subject to be explored more detail by the researcher as further studies.