Translation Technique Analysis of Mandarin Compound Sentence in Novel Huózhe 《活着》

The purpose of this research was to describe the translation technique from novel Huózhe 《活着》 written by Yúhuá (余华) and novel to Live (Hidup) by Agustinus Wibowo. The collected data were Mandarin compound sentences taken from novel Huózhe 《活着》 and the translation sentences from novel to Live (Hidup). Here, this research used qualitative descriptive method and provided by field work method. The techniques included content analysis, focus group discussion, and questioner. The researchers also provided the triangulation method, and used Spradley’s theory to analyze the data. This research used Molina & Albir’s theory to study translation technique. The study showed the result of any kind translation techniques which used by the translator in the translation novel. This research only analyzed Mandarin compound sentence and its translation result in the target text. Based on this result, there are sixteen translation techniques that found, i.e established equivalence 831 (71,39%) data, variation 93 (7,99%) data, transposition 61 (5,24%) data, modulation 52 (4,47%) data, natural borrowing 46 (3,95%) data, explicitation 26 (2,23%) data, implicitation 20 (1,72%) data, discursive creation 9 (0,77%) data, addition 7 (0,60%) data, paraphrase 5 (0,43%) data, reduction 4 (0,34%) data, annotation 3 (0,26%) data, literal 3 (0,26%) data, generalization 2 (0,17%) data, adaptation 1 (0,09%) data, and particularization 1 (0,09%) data. Established equivalence is the dominant translation technique used to translate Mandarin compound sentence in novel Huózhe 《活着》. It is used because the translator can keep the messages of the various term in Mandarin compound sentence. The techniques that are applied to translate Mandarin compound sentence in novel Huózhe 《活着》can be used as a consideration to translate Mandarin compound sentence into Indonesia.


Introduction
Translation technique could help to solve the problems in translation sector.Molina and Albir (2002:509) have concluded that translation technique is the procedure to classify how an equivalence of translation could be applied in any lingual terms.This research also intended to help the translation necessity using novel as a research object.The Chinese novel which served as a Source Text or ST (Mandarin Language) is Huózhe (活着) by Yúhuá (余华) and novel to Live (Hidup) by Agustinus Wibowo as a Target Text or TT (Indonesia Language).The researchers used Molina and Albir's theory to determine the translation technique.Goh and Boh (2014) have said that the analyze of translation strategy of Chéngyǔ (成语) into Melayu Language.They concluded that there are three factors to apply the translation strategy of Chéngyǔ (成语).Firstly , the kind of Chéngyǔ (成语) that appears on the source text.Secondly, the context where Chéngyǔ (成语) appears.Thirdly, is about the same and the different mind between the source language and the target language.Zainudin and Awal (2011) have said that the teaching of translation techniques in a translation classroom from the cooperative learning perspective.They used a methodology that is called Cooperative Work Procedure.They found that cooperative learning is suitable to be used in a translation class.They concluded that the students did not enjoy doing translation in the big groups (3-4) but preferred smaller group (2-3), because the students' learning style was very individualistic.The students found working in a groups encouraged discussion and exchange of ideas.Akhiroh (2013) has found that some translation technique in media give positive effect on translation quality, while some others do not.She found that deletion technique is the most widely used and affect the quality of the translation, significantly in the accuracy.The number of deletion committed by the translator led to a less accurate translation result.She stated that translation technique used by journalist translator is widely influenced by the characteristic of media translation.Thahara (2015) determined translation technique of simile in novel, used Molina & Albir's theory.He found that the most dominant translation technique was literal technique.This technique shows that the expression of simile in the target text does not change.He also stated that this technique will not be appropriate if the image of the simile has the equivalence simile expression in the target language.In addition, he also suggested that the adaptation technique is the best choice if the simile has its equivalence in the target language.Thahara also described each translation technique.

a. Adaptation
Adaptation is translation technique that is to replace ST cultural element with one from the target culture.It can be applied if the cultural element has its equivalence in the target language.
ST : As white as snow TT : Seputih kapas b.Amplification Amplification is translation technique that is to introduce details that are not formulated in the ST: information, explicative paraphrasing.The addition is merely to give information to the reader.It does not change the message and meaning of the source language.
ST : There are many Indonesian at the ship.
The word "Indonesian" is translated into "warga negara Indonesia".It means that the translator wants to give detail information to the readers.c.Borrowing Take a word, expression, or term straight from another language.It can be pure borrowing (without any change), e.g., to use the English word "zig-zag" in a Indonesian text or naturalized borrowing (to fit the spelling rules in the TT), e.g.deflasi, inflasi, musik.

f. Description
To replace a term or expression with a description of its form or/and function.This technique gives an explaining of term or function from ST.
ST : I like panetton.

g. Discursive Creation
To establish a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context.This technique is commonly used in the title of film or novel.Example: Nod the head is translated into "ya!" in Indonesia.

q. Transposition
Transposition is translation technique that changes a grammatical category.
ST : I have no control over this condition.

r. Variation
To change linguistic or paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) that affect aspects of linguistic variation: changes of textual tone, style, social dialect, geographical dialect, etc. ST : Give it to me now!TT : Berikan barang itu ke gue sekarang!
The novel Huózhe 《活着》 itself had been intensively studied by Gabriella & Ovianti (2010) who intended to describe the way of thinking and to learn the meaning of life by the main personage (Fugui).They described the the personage Fugui in the novel Huózhe 《活着》 by direct and indirect way.The direct way involves selfportrait, psychology, word, and action.The indirect way involves a word from other personages, and an action from other personages.
The personage Fugui of Novel Huózhe 《活着》has a responsibility, struggling for a life, and a broad minded.
It is clearly that previous research in the translation of Mandarin compound sentence still needs to be improved.Today, the translation sector of Mandarin-Indonesia needs a lot of research in order to solve any translation problem, especially in the Mandarin compound sentence and its translation technique.This research hopefully can be a consideration by translator to deal with the translation of Mandarin compound sentence.This research also helps the translation sector of Mandarin-Indonesia, which is still developed currently, especially in the translation technique.

Method
This research belongs to translation sector, using qualitative descriptive method.This research also provides field work method, where the authors directly involved to the field to collect the data from the rater and the informant.
The setting of this research is novel Huózhe 《活着》 by Yú huá (余华) and novel to Live (Hidup) by Agustinus Wibowo.The participants are the author, the rater, and the target reader.The event is the sentences that collected from novel to Live (Hidup) as a translation data of the novel Huózhe 《活着》.
The data belonged to this research is the Mandarin compound sentences of the novel Huózhe 《活着》 and the Indonesia sentences of the novel to Live (Hidup), which served as the translation data.The researchers also provided additional data by the questioner from the informant.
The researchers' data collecting technique included content analysis, focus group discussion, and questioner.The authors also provided the triangulation method and used Spradley's theory to study and analyze the data.The research objective is to know what kind of translation technique should be used for the reader when deal with Mandarin compound sentences.

Results
Mandarin compound sentence is a sentence that formed by two or more clauses (Sun, 2003).Sun described that there are twelve kinds of Mandarin compound sentence.Here, Mandarin compound sentence served as a domain and only ten of them are found.The Mandarin compound sentences that found in this research consist of : Bìngliè Fùjù Saat aku sepuluh tahun lebih muda dari sekarang, aku mendapatkan satu pekerjaan yang teramat santai, yaitu mengumpulkan lagu rakyat di pedalaman desa.
(When I was ten years younger than I am now, I got a leisurely career and went to the village to collect folk songs) The result shows that established equivalence is the most numerous translation technique which used on the target text.

Conclusion
The data are the results of analysis along with the rater and the target reader.Throughout the process of this research, both the rater and the target reader are able to understand and comprehend the translation from the source text to the target text.This depends on what translation technique chosen by the translator.From the data and analysis, the researchers can determine some conclusion in the translation technique that is used for translating Mandarin compound sentence in novel Huózhe (活着).Firstly, established equivalence is the most numerous used in the target text by the translator (831 in total or 71,39%), that allow for the target reader to understand easily about the novel to Live (Hidup).Furthermore, transposition technique is more suitable to deal with the involute Mandarin compound sentence.Secondly, the translation techniques that are found in this research can be a consideration to the readers when they deal with Mandarin compound sentence.
a foreign word or phrase; it can be lexical or structural.ST : Vice president TT : Wakil presiden e. Compensation To introduce the ST element of information or stylistic effect in another place in the TT, because it cannot be reflected in the same place as in the ST.This technique is commonly used in literature translation.It shifts stylistics element of ST in the different structure of the TT.ST : It is hard though to be a woman.TT : Bagaimanapun, menjadi wanita itu hal yang sulit.
ST: A farewell to arms.TT: Pertempuran penghabisan.h.Established EquivalenceTo use a term or expression recognized (by dictionaries or language in use) as an equivalent in the TT.ST : Sincerely yours TT : Hormat kami i. Generalization Generalization is translation technique that replaces the complicated terms of ST by more general or neutral terms in the TT.It is used when there is no specific term in the target language.ST : He drank a half tumbler of cognac.TT : Dia minum setengah gelas bir.j.Linguistic AmplificationTo add linguistic elements in the TT.This is often used in consecutive interpreting and dubbing.ST : Everything is up to you! TT : Semuanya terserah anda sendiri!k.Linguistic Compression To synthesize linguistic elements in the TT.This is often used in simultaneous interpreting and in subtitling.This technique is shorten the TT without changing the meaning of ST.ST : Are you sleepy?TT : Ngantuk?l.Literal Translation To translate a word or an expression word for word.In this technique, a single word of ST does not always translate into a single word of TT.ST : To kill two birds with one stone.TT : Membunuh dua burung dengan satu batu.. m.Modulation To change the point of view, focus or cognitive category in relation to the ST; it can be lexical or structural.ST : Get moving or I'll be doing the firing.TT : Keluar atau kau akan kupecat.n.Particularization To use a more precise or concrete term.It is in opposition to generalization.ST : He likes playing water sport.TT : Dia suka bermain olahraga dayung.o.Reduction To suppress a ST information item in the TT.It is in opposition to amplification.ST : She got a car accident.TT : Dia mengalami kecelakaan.p. Substitution To change linguistic elements for paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) or vice versa.