Journal of Peace, Security and Democracy
Journal of Peace, Security & Democracy Review JPSD is a peer-review journal that encompasses interdisciplinary approach to exploring the interrelations between democratic processes, peace, and security. It aims to publish both empirical and theoretical research that addresses how democratic institutions influence peace and security outcomes globally and regionally. The journal would feature detailed case studies, comparative analyses, and innovative methodologies to deepen understanding of these dynamics. It seeks to bridge the academic-policy divide, providing actionable insights for policymakers, while also engaging the public through accessible discussions on the roles that democracy and peace play in enhancing security. The journal aspires to be a comprehensive platform for advancing scholarly debate and informing practical solutions in these critical areas.
Center of Peace, Conflict and Democracy - Hasanuddin University
From Ballots to Bullets? Democratic Disillusionment and the Micro-Foundations of Armed Mobilisation in Nigeria
Across many electoral democracies in sub-Saharan Africa, persistent insecurity challenges the assumption that democratic governance inherently promotes peace. Nigeria exemplifies this paradox, where repeated electoral cycles coexist with escalating violence, including insurgency, banditry, and communal conflict. While existing studies emphasise structural drivers such as poverty and weak institutions, less attention has been paid to how citizens’ perceptions of democratic failure shape pathways to violence. This study examines the micro-foundations of armed mobilisation by analysing how democratic disillusionment influences individual and collective engagement with non-state violence in Nigeria. It asks: (1) How do citizens interpret and respond to perceived failures of democratic governance? and (2) How do these perceptions affect their willingness to support or participate in violent alternatives? The study adopts a qualitative research design based on secondary data, drawing on policy reports and existing scholarly literature. Using a thematic and interpretive analytical approach, it traces the relationship between perceived democratic exclusion, declining institutional trust, and patterns of armed mobilisation. The study demonstrates that insecurity is not only a product of structural deprivation but also of legitimacy crises that reshape citizens’ calculations about authority and participation. By foregrounding perception and agency, the study advances a more nuanced understanding of the democracy–security nexus. The study contributes to debates on the democracy–security nexus by demonstrating how legitimacy crises at the citizen level can translate into support for, or participation in, non-state violence. Keywords: Armed mobilisation; Democratic disillusionment; Legitimacy; Nigeria; Peace and security
Copyright (c) 2026 Sulaiman S Abubakar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Democracy, Corruption, and Economic Decline in Nigeria: Evaluating Civilian Administration Since 2015
This study examined the relationship between democracy, corruption, and economic decline in Nigeria, with particular emphasis on civilian administrations since 2015. It is anchored on Public Choice Theory, which explains political behaviour as being driven primarily by self-interest rather than collective welfare. The study adopted a qualitative approach, using a historical research design and content analysis of relevant academic literature, policy documents, and documentary evidence. Findings reveal that although Nigeria has maintained democratic governance since 2015, expected developmental outcomes have been constrained by persistent corruption and weak institutional frameworks. Corruption remains deeply embedded in public administration, manifesting through mismanagement of public resources, weak accountability systems, and political patronage. These challenges have significantly contributed to economic decline, reflected in rising unemployment, inflation, deteriorating infrastructure, and increasing public debt. The study further shows that civilian administrations have struggled to translate democratic governance into meaningful economic development due to policy inconsistency and institutional inefficiency. The study concludes that democracy in Nigeria has not delivered optimal economic outcomes due to entrenched corruption and governance weaknesses, in line with the propositions of Public Choice Theory. It recommends, among others, that anti-corruption institutions in Nigeria be strengthened through enhanced operational independence, adequate funding, and the strict enforcement of accountability mechanisms. This will help to reduce political interference, improve institutional effectiveness, and promote transparency in public administration.
Copyright (c) 2026 UGO OKOLIE, Bridget Onajite Urhibo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Community-Based Approaches to Tackling Insecurity in Nigeria: Lessons and the Way Forward
This study examined community-based approaches to tackling insecurity in Nigeria within the country’s prevailing socio-economic, political, and institutional contexts. It was prompted by the persistent escalation of insecurity, including kidnapping, banditry, insurgency, and communal conflicts, despite sustained efforts by state security agencies. The study is grounded in the Routine Activity Theory, which posits that crime occurs when a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian converge in time and space. The study adopted the historical research design and relied on secondary sources of data, including textbooks, journal articles, government publications, policy documents, and credible online materials. Content analysis was employed to systematically examine and interpret the data through thematic categorization. Findings revealed that insecurity in Nigeria is driven by interrelated socio-economic and governance factors such as poverty, unemployment, weak institutional frameworks, corruption, and inadequate security capacity. It was also established that state-centered security strategies alone are insufficient, as they are constrained by limited manpower, weak intelligence systems, and declining public trust. The study further found that community-based security approaches, such as vigilante groups, neighborhood watch systems, and community policing, serve as important complementary mechanisms by enhancing surveillance, improving intelligence sharing, and strengthening rapid response to security threats. However, their effectiveness is limited by challenges such as weak regulation, inadequate training, and human rights concerns. The study concludes that a sustainable security framework in Nigeria requires an integrated approach that combines effective state institutions with well-structured and accountable community participation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Mevayerore Igbini, Anthony C. Nwokolobia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Agama Dan Politik (Studi Kecenderungan Keterlibatan Aktor Gereja Terhadap Danny Pomanto Pada Pemilihan Walikota Makassar Tahun 2020)
Banyak penelitian yang telah menunjukkan bahwa ternyata secara tersirat terdapat kecenderungan aktor keagamaan yang terlibat terhadap pemilihan kepala daerah, termasuk dalam hal ini Kecenderungan Atas Keterlibatan Aktor Gereja Terhadap Danny Pomanto Pada Pemilihan Walikota Makassar Tahun 2020. Tujuan Penelitian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami dan mengidentifikasi Agama Dan Politik (Studi Kecenderungan Atas Keterlibatan Aktor Gereja Terhadap Danny Pomanto Pada Pemilihan Walikota Makassar Tahun 2020). Metode Penelitian. Tipe penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan jenis naratif. Adapun pengambilan data dilakukan melalui wawancara dan dokumentasi. Landasan Teori yang digunakan adalah perspektif institusionalisme baru yang dikaitkan dengan dan Konsep Aktor Politik, dan Konsep Etika Politik Kristen. Hasil Penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa gereja tidak terlibat secara langsung dalam politik praktis. Namun, individu dalam gereja, seperti gembala, pendeta, dan jemaat, memiliki kebebasan moral dan interpersonal untuk membentuk persatuan dan kelompok diskusi guna menentukan pemimpin mereka. Contohnya, Jaringan Doa Kota Makassar secara persuasif mendukung calon Danny Pomanto, tetapi tanpa melibatkan gereja secara institusi. Aktivitas ini mencerminkan keterlibatan moral dan tersirat dalam politik, didukung oleh tokoh-tokoh penting dalam hierarki gereja yang memiliki pengaruh besar pada jemaat mereka. Penekanan pada prinsip agama dan politik dalam konteks Alkitab menunjukkan pemahaman yang dalam tentang relevansi nilai-nilai agama dalam politik modern. Dengan mengacu pada ayat Alkitab, penulis menyoroti peran gereja dalam masyarakat, menekankan pentingnya pendidikan politik dan kesadaran dalam proses politik. Hal ini mengindikasikan dukungan di luar gereja sebagai aktor gereja merupakan hal lazim sesuai Alkitab untuk bersatu dan menyiapkan pemimpin, yang sering diekspresikan melalui kegiatan diskusi dan persuasi dalam menentukan pemimpin. Selain itu, memang Danny Pomanto terus berupaya memenangkan dukungan dari jemaat dengan program yang menyatukan umat Kristen melalui acara sosialisasi di luar gereja. Hal ini disambut baik oleh masyarakat gereja selama periode pertama dan pemilihan 2020. Meskipun tidak selalu memberikan bantuan materi, upaya memfasilitasi beliau menunjukkan komitmen dan persaudaraan yang kuat dengan gereja.
Copyright (c) 2026 Regina Dwi Putri Cahyani, Arianas Yunus, Ummi Suci Fathia Bailusy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Preferensi Memilih Generasi Z Kota Makassar Menghadapi Pemilu 2024
Generation Z has become a focus of attention in the context of elections because this group is bringing significant changes to the way they participate and interact with socio-political issues through technology. The large number of this generation also demonstrates the potential influence they can have on the democratic process. Furthermore, with easy access to technology and information, Generation Z has the ability to quickly articulate their views through social media. The purpose of this study is to identify and explain the factors that shape Generation Z's voting preferences in the context of elections. The research method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative research method. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews with several informants and used two types of data: primary and secondary. The results of this study indicate that several factors shape Generation Z's voting preferences in elections. First, psychological factors due to the strong influence of emotional impulses and rapid exposure to information through social media. Second, rational choice factors, where Generation Z chooses based on the benefits they receive.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irdan Mangkau, Sukri Tamma, Haryanto Haryanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Political Ecology of Waste Management: State– Community–Environment Conflicts at the Binuang Landfill, Polewali Mandar Regency
Waste management at the Binuang Landfill has earned Polewali Mandar Regency the Adipura Award. However, waste management at the Binuang Landfill has resulted in leachate seeping into community rice fields and air pollution. This environmental pollution impacts the socio-economic aspects of the community. This study aims to analyze the impact of waste management policies at the Binuang Landfill on the environment and surrounding community using the concept of Political Ecology. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that waste management policies at the Binuang Landfill do not yet reflect the principles of sustainable and equitable political ecology. This can be observed in the environmental position in policy negotiations between the government and the community. The conflict between the government and the community focuses solely on fulfilling their respective rights without considering environmental aspects. This condition makes waste management at the landfill suboptimal, resulting in impacts that sacrifice the rights and welfare of the community around the Binuang Landfill.
Copyright (c) 2026 Taufiq Akbar Hidayat, Gustiana Kambo, Muhammad Imran http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
“Haunting Memories”: Collective Trauma and Post-Conflict Reconciliation in Poso
The Poso conflict has left a profound collective memory among communities in the affected villages, including Bancea (Padamarari). While previous studies have examined the dynamics of violence and peacebuilding in Poso, there remains a limited anthropological understanding of how social memory is constructed, transmitted, negotiated, and mobilized by local communities in their post-conflict everyday life. This study aims to explore how traumatic experiences and lived memories of the conflict are reconstructed by different social groups, and how these memories shape reconciliation practices, intergroup relations, and long-term social stability. This research employs a qualitative anthropological approach involving twelve key informants, including customary leaders, women survivors, youth, and village officials. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and field documentation over one month of fieldwork. Thematic analysis was applied to identify memory patterns, meaning-making processes, and the social mechanisms that underpin the reproduction of collective memory. The findings reveal three main insights. First, the memory of violence remains deeply embedded in villagers’ narratives and forms part of the community’s collective identity. Second, “strategic forgetting” emerges as an adaptive strategy used by community members to maintain social harmony and avoid renewed tensions. Third, the cultural value of Sintuwu Maroso serves as a key reconciliation mechanism, enabling trust-building across groups and facilitating the restoration of social cohesion. This study contributes to the broader literature on memory and post-conflict anthropology in Indonesia by demonstrating that collective memory functions not only as a historical burden but also as a social resource for strengthening community-based reconciliation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Michelle Alfelnis EB, Tasrifin Tahara http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Politics of Citizenship Claims among Fishing Communities in State–Citizen Relations: A Case Study of Takalar Regency
This study aims to understand how fishing communities in Aeng Batu-Batu Village, Takalar Regency, construct and negotiate their citizenship claims in their interactions with the state. Using a descriptive qualitative approach within the framework of political sociology, this research explores the social and political practices underlying state–citizen relations in the context of social welfare. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observations, and document analysis involving 20 informants, including fishermen, village officials, and local figures. The findings reveal three primary forms of citizen claim-making: direct claims to authorities, mediated claims through social intermediaries or political brokers, and collective claims through fishermen’s groups. These forms demonstrate that access to social policies remains highly dependent on patronage networks and personal relationships with local actors. In this context, the state does not function as a neutral institution but rather as a social arena where citizens negotiate their rights through adaptive strategies. Although patron–client relations remain dominant, the study also identifies emerging forms of reflective citizenship, particularly among younger fishermen who use social media to voice injustices. The results affirm that local citizenship practices are dynamic, relational, and continuously shaped through the ongoing process of claim-making that mediates the interaction between citizens and the state.
Copyright (c) 2026 Miftahul Karima, Andi Yakub, Haryanto Haryanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Political Inclusivity of Ethnic Minorities in the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) Makassar City: An Analysis of Political Recruitment and Representation
This study analyses the involvement of ethnic minorities within the structure and political activities of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP) in Makassar and examines the extent to which this nationalist party practices inclusive politics at the local level. A qualitative case study approach was employed to explore the dynamics of political representation in a multiethnic society. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with party officials, minority cadres, and community leaders, complemented by participatory observation and document analysis. The findings reveal that ethnic minority participation in PDIP Makassar is largely descriptive and symbolic, driven more by electoral strategy than by a genuine ideological commitment to pluralism. Nevertheless, minority cadres contribute to shaping the party’s image as an open nationalist institution and help expand its political base in multiethnic regions. These results reinforce Pitkin’s (1967) theory that substantive representation does not automatically arise from descriptive representation. Practically, this study highlights the need for more transparent recruitment mechanisms and inclusive internal policies to ensure that minority participation becomes equitable and sustainable within party structures and political decision-making processes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muh. Alif Fauzan Syah, Gustiana Kambo, Muhammad Imran Imran http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Stabilization And Dependency: Evaluating The Effectiveness Of MINUSTAH In Haiti
This study analyzes the effectiveness of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) in addressing the security crisis and supporting state-building in Haiti, a fragile country. Using a qualitative approach based on literature, this study examines three main dimensions: security stabilization, political stability, and institutional capacity. The results show that MINUSTAH succeeded in reducing violence and supporting elections, thus creating short-term stability. However, this success was temporary and highly dependent on the presence of international actors. In the long term, MINUSTAH has not been able to strengthen institutional capacity sustainably and has tended to increase dependence on external aid. Furthermore, various criticisms such as human rights violations, the cholera scandal, and a legitimacy crisis have also affected the intervention's effectiveness. This study concludes that international intervention was effective in initial stabilization but limited in creating independent and sustainable state-building.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salsabila Aulia Irawan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Dynamics of Agrarian Conflict and Governance Inequality:
The land dispute in Batu Mila Village reflects the complex dynamics of the relationship between the community, government, and private sector in the control and utilization of agrarian resources. This study aims to uncover the root causes, actors involved, and patterns of interaction that shape the escalation and resolution of conflicts, with a focus on local social, economic, and political dimensions. Using a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews, field observations, and document reviews, this research found that the dispute was triggered by overlapping ownership claims between villagers and companies, exacerbated by weak law enforcement, unclear boundaries, and minimal community participation in decision-making processes. The analysis results indicate the existence of power asymmetries that affect community access to land and fuel distrust in formal institutions. This study emphasizes the importance of strengthening community-based conflict resolution mechanisms, consistent law enforcement, and the integration of local wisdom into land management policies. These findings not only contribute to the literature on agrarian conflict sociology but also offer practical recommendations for policymakers and local actors to prevent similar conflicts in the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hendra Triawan Sudaryo Putra, Muhammad Ramli AT, Ridwan Syam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Politik Penindasan dan Keamanan Manusia: Studi Kasus Etnis Uighur di Xinjiang dalam Perspektif Human Security
This research analyzes the influence of the People's Republic of China (PRC) government's policies on the Uighur Muslim community in Xinjiang in the context of human security. In recent years, the PRC government has implemented a variety of controversial policies against Uighur Muslims, including mass detention in re-education camps, restrictions on religious practices, and strict surveillance. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method to examine the impact of this policy on the human security dimension, which includes personal, political, community, economic and cultural security. The PRC government's policies towards Uighur Muslims not only violate human rights, but also exacerbate overall insecurity at the individual and community levels. These findings underscore the importance of international attention and intervention to address human rights violations and promote human security for the Uighur community in Xinjiang.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ashar, Seniwati, Nurjannah Abdullah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Islamic Boarding Schools and Local Politics:
As'adiyah Islamic Boarding School and PAN cadres have a close relationship because many alumni of the boarding school are cadres. Many PAN cadres hold important positions in the Wajo Parliament and even the position of Chairman of the PAN DPP is an alumni of Asadiyah Islamic Boarding School, so indirectly it will be easier to establish communication with alumni and students of Asadiyah who are members of PAN. PAN uses a political strategy by introducing students to actors according to religious teachings and conditions in Wajo. Through religious activities, PAN maintains relations with the boarding school, sometimes with financial and infrastructure support. In addition, the success of alumni students, and the position of actors with PAN containers labeled as religion is very profitable and is an extraordinary strategy that is not intentional. Through religious programs such as religious studies, preaching, and Friday sermons and other activities, it seems to be a strong communication and branding pattern and in line with PAN's position which is engaged in the religious field with the keywords "branding Actor is a preacher, and branding communication entitled silaturahmi". The condition of Wajo as a city of Santri, PAN's position with a religious orientation, and the elected regent with a Muhammadiyah background who is supported by PAN's campaign team cadres who are alumni of the Asadiyah Islamic Boarding School, this is the right strategy in terms of winning the hearts of voters and shifting the incumbent's seat.
Copyright (c) 2025 Besse Sri Ratih, Muhammad Al Hamid , Andi Naharuddin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Iran's Counterterrorism Strategy Against ISIS-K:
The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria – Khorasan Province (ISIS-K) has emerged as a transnational threat in Southwest Asia, posing a significant challenge to Iran’s national security. This article analyzes Iran’s counterterrorism strategy in responding to the presence and operations of ISIS-K in the Khorasan region. Employing a qualitative approach and literature-based analysis, this study draws from policy documents, academic literature, and official statements. The findings reveal that Iran adopts an active defense posture involving intelligence coordination, border security enhancement, and regional cooperation, particularly with Afghanistan and Russia. These strategies are driven not only by domestic security concerns but also by Iran’s geopolitical interest in maintaining regional influence. The study concludes that Iran’s response to ISIS-K reflects an effort to safeguard internal stability while shaping a regional security order aligned with its strategic interests.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hawhyanus Jiwana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Influence of Japan’s Transformational National Security Strategy on East Asian Regional Security
The Transformation of Japan's National Security Strategy for 2022 is a form of Japan's defense and security policy which includes the National Security Strategy, National Defense Security and the Defense Development Program in East Asia. The type of research used in this research is qualitative with data obtained through literature studies from a number of books, journals and official documents that relate accurately to the problems studied. The results of this research show that the transformation policy of Japan's 2022 National Security Strategy triggers various responses from target countries. China responded by increasing the PLA and military modernization in the disputed Islands and Taiwan Strait. North Korea hints at a military attack in the form of nuclear and missiles if it threatens its fundamental policies. Russia carried out provocative actions based on joint military exercises and military bases on the Kuril Islands in dispute with Japan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Karisma, Agussalim Burhanuddin, Ishaq Rahman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Dynamics of Cyber Security Cooperation Between Countries
The rapid development of information technology in the era of globalization has brought new challenges in the field of cybersecurity. As a country with a high internet adoption rate, Indonesia faces various cyber threats that can damage critical infrastructure and threaten socio-political stability. In the face of these challenges, international cooperation is becoming increasingly important, and one significant form of cooperation is between Indonesia and the Netherlands. This article examines the impact of cybersecurity cooperation between the two countries in improving Indonesia's capacity to deal with cyber threats. Through a qualitative approach, it explores the various initiatives that have been implemented, including training programs, information exchange, and joint policy development to improve Indonesia's cyber resilience. It found that this cooperation not only strengthens the technical aspects but also facilitates the formation of more holistic policies in addressing cyber challenges. The article also discusses the obstacles faced in this collaboration, including differences in infrastructure, human resource capacity, and political and legal aspects that may affect the effectiveness of this collaboration. Finally, the article offers strategic recommendations for both countries to strengthen their cooperation, with a focus on strengthening Indonesia's national capacity and integrating cybersecurity policies at the international level.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Faiq Qushayyi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Conflict Dynamics and Resolution in Chief of Village Elections
Chief of Village Election is an essential local democratic agenda in the transition of village-level leadership, but it often becomes a source of significant social conflict. This study explores the Pilkades conflict in Maradekaya Village, Gowa Regency, in 2016 using a descriptive qualitative approach. The conflict was triggered by personal competition between candidates, the low socio-economic conditions of the community, and the inability of the election committee to maintain firmness and neutrality in the election process. The three candidates—who had strong support bases and different political backgrounds—formed dynamic alliances and feuds, creating political tensions that culminated in acts of mass violence. This tension was exacerbated by the social conditions of the community, dominated by residents with low levels of education and a strong paternalistic culture, which made them vulnerable to pragmatic politics based on money and social pressure. This study uses Burton's Conflict Resolution Theory and maps the conflict resolution approach into two main mechanisms, namely negotiation and mediation. Negotiations between candidates resulted in a decision to re-elect as an effort to avoid further escalation of the conflict. However, the implementation of mediation by the election committee was unsuccessful due to a lack of legitimacy and firmness. In contrast, mediation conducted by the Bajeng Sub-district Head showed more effective results with an evaluative approach that emphasized decision-making based on majority vote and consensus. The results of the study indicate that the Maradekaya Pilkades conflict reflects the complexity of local politics involving structural, cultural, and personal dimensions. Effective conflict resolution requires strengthening the capacity of local institutions, increasing political education of the community, and implementing a consensus-based mediation strategy involving figures who have authority and public trust. This study emphasizes the importance of the role of professional and neutral mediation in preventing social fragmentation that can disrupt the stability of democracy at the village level.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zukhrufi Kasmat, Ariana Yunus, Sakinah Nadir http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Palestinian-Israeli conflict that has been ongoing since 1948 has become a global geopolitical issue that has received widespread attention from the international media. The media plays a strategic role as the main source of information that can shape public perception. This study aims to analyze the influence of news exposure of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict on the boycott behavior of pro-Zionist products in Makassar City. Using media cultivation theory conducted with a descriptive quantitative approach on 348 respondents. The results of the regression analysis show that news exposure has a significant influence on boycott behavior with a contribution of 45.1%, while 54.9% is influenced by other factors not studied. Respondents confirmed that news content in the form of photos, videos, and text narratives increased awareness, emotions, and intensity of boycott actions. The findings confirm that the media can mobilize social action based on moral solidarity towards global humanitarian issues. This research recommends the development of more inclusive and adaptive communication policies to respond to evolving social dynamics, especially in efforts to build international solidarity through the media.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Qalby, Andi Alimuddin Unde http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Security and Sovereignty in The Strait of Hormuz
This study aims to determine the interests of Iran and the USA in the Iran-USA shipping conflict in the Strait of Hormuz and the impact of the Iran-USA shipping conflict on security stability in the Strait of Hormuz. The research method used in compiling this thesis is descriptive, with a literature review data collection technique. The results of this study indicate that Iran's interests are classified as defense interests, namely to maintain the existence and sovereignty of its country from sanctions imposed on them by Western countries, and economic interests, namely to resolve the impacts resulting from sanctions imposed by western countries on the development of nuclear weapons made by Iran as their military defense tool. Meanwhile, America's interests are classified as world order interests to maintain its trade activities in the Strait of Hormuz so that they can run well and ideological interests to maintain its existence as a world police responsible for maintaining the concept of the international ocean as a route that any other country cannot claim. The impact of the Iran-USA shipping conflict on security stability in the Strait of Hormuz is the increasing escalation of the conflict in the Strait of Hormuz, the threat to global trade activities marked by a decline in global oil trade activities, and the increase in oil prices on the global market.Keywords: strait Hormuz, shipping conflict, stability, interests.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hardian Noviyanto, Agussalim Burhanuddin, Nurjannah Abdullah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of NGOs in Resolving the Syrian War
This study examines the crucial role carried by the Carter Center in facilitating negotiations and resolving the Syrian war between 2016 and 2019. This time was characterized by severe humanitarian emergencies and intricate geopolitical factors. The Syrian civil war, known for its immense human suffering and widespread international participation, posed significant obstacles to peacebuilding endeavors. In the midst of this upheaval, the Carter Center emerged as a significant participant, utilizing its expertise in resolving conflicts to facilitate discussions and advance the cause of peace. This research utilizes a thorough examination of primary and secondary data, such as government reports, interviews with important individuals, and evaluations conducted in the field, to analyze the effectiveness of the Carter Center's actions. The research emphasizes the Center's comprehensive strategy, encompassing the facilitation of talks, support for ceasefire agreements, and promotion of humanitarian aid. This is done while upholding a position of neutrality and demonstrating a profound understanding of other cultures. The data demonstrate that the Carter Center played a crucial role in establishing avenues for communication and mitigating violence, despite the ongoing and changing obstacles. This thesis enhances our comprehension of the intricacies of international conflict resolution and highlights the crucial role that non-state actors may play in promoting peace by scrutinizing the Center's techniques and outcomes. The research highlights the significance of continuous, compassionate involvement in areas of conflict and provides valuable understanding of the wider consequences for international efforts to promote peace.
Copyright (c) 2025 Athilla Nadiyah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0