Maritime Park: Journal of Maritime Technology and Society
Maritime Park: Journal Of Maritime Technology and Society (e-ISSN: 2828-6669 p-ISSN: 2828-7010) has been accredited Sinta 3 from the Directorate General of Higher Education Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology. is open access journal published by the Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University in February, June, and October each year. Maritime Park Journal employs a blind peer review system in its article evaluation process. The identities of both authors and reviewers are kept confidential to ensure objectivity in the review process. Each submitted article is reviewed by at least two expert reviewers in the relevant field before a publication decision is made. The peer review process here..
Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University
The Application of Trigonometry in Ship Navigation Direction Determination to Improve Sailing Accuracy
This article examines the use of trigonometry in determining ship navigation direction to improve sailing accuracy. The main problem discussed is route deviation caused by inaccurate bearing interpretation, current, wind, and limited manual verification of electronic navigation data. The research used a descriptive qualitative method through literature study and mathematical simulation. Data were analyzed with right-triangle relationships, arctangent, bearing conversion, distance estimation, and simple course-correction procedures. The simulations show that trigonometry helps navigators calculate heading direction, direct distance, lateral deviation, estimated arrival time, and correction angle. A movement of 30 km east and 40 km north produces a bearing of 36.87 degrees with a direct distance of 50 km. A 5 km eastward deviation during a 60 km northward track requires a 4.76 degree correction to the west. The novelty of this article lies in presenting trigonometry as a contextual bridge between mathematical concepts and practical maritime decision making. The implication is that trigonometric literacy supports safer, more efficient, and more accurate navigation, especially when electronic systems need to be checked manually.
Marine Transportation and Port Management
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Economic Impact of ECDIS Implementation on Maritime Logistics and Insurance Costs: A PLS-SEM Analysis of Indonesian Fertilizer Distribution
This study evaluates the operational and economic impacts of implementing the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) across the maritime distribution of fertilizers and seeds. Using the commercial vessel MV Caraka 123 as a representative macro-model for Indonesian archipelagic logistics, the research directly addresses a critical gap. While the technical safety advantages of ECDIS are widely acknowledged, empirical evidence quantifying its actual financial return on investment remains severely limited. A quantitative approach utilizing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed. The study analyzed perceptual survey data from 200 active maritime personnel integrated alongside objective, ratio-scale ship logs. The results decisively indicate that optimal ECDIS implementation heavily drives logistics cost efficiency (β = 0.815, p < 0.001). This efficiency manifests primarily through substantial, verifiable reductions in fuel consumption and voyage time a direct result of highly accurate route planning and real-time environmental monitoring. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that the objective navigational safety records generated by ECDIS provide ship operators with a robust, data-backed foundation for negotiating lower marine insurance premiums by demonstrably mitigating claim risks. Ultimately, the structural model confirms that ECDIS digitalization acts not merely as a regulatory safety requirement, but as a strategic financial investment delivering tangible savings in both operational and risk-management expenditures.
The Effect of Changes in the Storage Temperature and Acceptability of Animal-Based Food Ingredients in the Refrigerated Room of HODASCO 19
This study examined how refrigerated-room temperature affected the acceptability of animal-based food ingredients (chicken, beef, and fish) stored on board HODASCO 19. The study used a descriptive quantitative design based on organoleptic observation. Five assessors evaluated odour, colour, and texture using a five-point Likert scale for samples stored at −18 °C, 0 °C, and 4 °C over four weeks. Mean scores were calculated and interpreted using fixed acceptability intervals. The results show a clear temperature effect. Storage at −18 °C maintained the highest acceptability throughout the observation period, with mean scores remaining in the very acceptable category (4.86–5.00). Storage at 0 °C showed the sharpest decline, dropping from very acceptable at week 0 to unacceptable by week 2 and highly unacceptable by weeks 3–4. Storage at 4 °C performed better than 0 °C in this onboard dataset but still declined from very acceptable at week 1 to moderately acceptable at week 3 and unacceptable at week 4. The findings confirm that low and stable storage temperatures are essential for preserving the quality of perishable animal-based food ingredients on board ships. Practically, the refrigerated room should be maintained as close as possible to −18 °C for longer storage, while short-term storage at higher temperatures requires stricter monitoring.
Application of the Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) Model Based on Total Distribution Cost Optimization
This study develops an optimization-based Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) model to improve coordination between inventory and transportation decisions in an upstream automotive distribution network in West Java. The problem is formulated as a multi-period Inventory Routing Problem (IRP) and solved using AMPL with CPLEX. The model minimizes total logistics cost, including transportation and inventory holding costs. A benchmark comparison with the company’s existing decentralized replenishment policy is conducted. Results show that the proposed VMI model reduces total monthly logistics cost by 10.66%, from IDR 2.74 billion to IDR 2.44 billion. In addition, service performance improves significantly, with demand fulfilment increasing from 91.3% to 99.2% and stock-out occurrences eliminated. The findings highlight the importance of integrated decision-making in freight distribution systems and provide practical insights for transport capacity planning and inventory positioning.
Evaluation of the Implementation of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) on Organizational Performance in the Era of Digital Transformation
This study aims to evaluate the implementation of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) on organizational performance in the era of digital transformation. Digital transformation has driven organizations to integrate technology, data, and innovation in human resource management to enhance competitiveness and business sustainability. The research method used is a quantitative approach with a survey design, involving respondents from various industrial sectors undergoing digitalization. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using inferential statistical techniques to examine the relationship between SHRM practices such as digital-based HR planning, digital competency development, technology-based performance management, and adaptive organizational culture and organizational performance. The research results indicate that the implementation of SHRM integrated with digital technology has a positive and significant impact on improving organizational performance, both in terms of productivity, innovation, and operational effectiveness. Moreover, digital HR capabilities and transformational leadership support have proven to be key factors in strengthening that relationship. This research provides practical implications for organizations to design HR strategies that are adaptive to technological changes and strengthen the role of SHRM as a strategic partner in achieving competitive advantage in the digital era.
Improving the Efficiency of Oil and Gas Asset Handling in the Receiving Process at an Oil & Gas Logistics Company
Warehouses play a strategic role in the oil and gas logistics industry, particularly in the receiving process as the initial stage of asset management. This study was conducted at the Oil & Gas Logistics Co. warehouse to identify and reduce non-value-added activities (waste) through the implementation of a Lean Service approach. The analysis examined the proportions of Value-Added (VA), Non-Value-Added (NVA), and Necessary but Non-Value-Added (NNVA) activities, and proposed improvements aimed at enhancing process efficiency and warehouse performance. The methods employed included Value Stream Mapping (VSM), a Seven Waste questionnaire, Value Stream Analysis Tools (VALSAT), Process Activity Mapping (PAM), and Root Cause Analysis (RCA) using a fishbone diagram. The results indicated that the dominant waste in the receiving process was due to waiting/delays (21%) and overprocessing (19%). The implementation of Lean Service reduced lead time from 1,173.78 minutes to 1,018.50 minutes (approximately a 13% efficiency improvement) and decreased the proportion of NVA from 12.14% to 3.22%. This reduction of 155.28 minutes per cycle corresponded to labor cost savings of approximately Rp128,706 per cycle. Overall, the implementation of Lean Service improves operational efficiency, supports the achievement of warehouse KPIs, and provides significant economic benefits with a high Return on Investment (ROI), making it a potential model for continuous improvement in oil and gas logistics as well as other logistics sectors.
Strategic Planning in Maritime Logistics for Less Than Container Load (LCL) Forecasting of Pharmaceutical Packaging
Fluctuating volumes of Less Than Container Load (LCL) shipments in pharmaceutical packaging create risks of underutilization and overbooking that complicate maritime logistics planning and operational efficiency. This study aims to analyze LCL shipment patterns at PT ABC and to compare the forecasting performance of the Holt–Winters Additive method and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model in supporting adaptive maritime logistics planning. A mixed-methods approach was applied by combining quantitative time series analysis of monthly operational data from August 2023 to July 2025 with semi-structured interviews with logistics personnel to contextualize the quantitative findings. Forecast accuracy was evaluated using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The results indicate that the Holt–Winters model has limitations in handling irregular and highly volatile shipment patterns, producing operationally unrealistic zero-volume forecasts during certain periods. In contrast, the LSTM model generated more stable forecasts, achieving a MAPE of 14.56% and a MAD of 10.38 m³. These findings suggest that LSTM provides greater operational reliability for forecasting LCL shipments under fluctuating conditions. From a practical perspective, more stable forecasts can support a transition from spot-based shipments to contract-based space booking strategies and facilitate consolidation postponement during low-utilization periods to improve freight cost efficiency. Although regulatory compliance is not directly measured, forecasting-informed planning can support logistics practices aligned with Good Distribution Practice (GDP) principles by improving shipment coordination and reducing operational uncertainty.
Marine Environment and Disaster Management
Sustainable Value Chain Mapping of Downstream Aquaculture Fishery Products Based on Blue Economy
Indonesia demonstrates considerable maritime potential; however, exploitation of the blue economy remains inadequate, particularly for aquaculture-derived products in Cirebon's coastal areas. As a central aquaculture hub in West Java, Cirebon faces persistent challenges in establishing sustainable value chains, characterized by insufficient value addition, fragmented stakeholder relationships, and incomplete adoption of the blue economy. This investigation pursues three objectives: (1) examining current value chain structures, (2) determining sustainability determinants, and (3) developing enhancement strategies. A mixed-methods analysis involving 190 participants from four sub-districts indicates promising opportunities but is constrained by economic, social, and environmental sustainability challenges. Processing stages yielded the highest value addition (42.4%), while aggregate sustainability was rated 2.67 (Moderately Sustainable), with social factors scoring highest (3.12) and having a positive impact on welfare. Economic-technological dimensions exhibited the strongest interdependence (r=0.675), which directly contributes to improving the economic performance of value chain actors. Establishing integrated fisheries industrial clusters emerged as the foremost strategic imperative for advancing blue-economy-oriented aquaculture downstream activities across Cirebon's coastal territories.
The Impact of Transportation Disruptions, Port Congestion, and Freight Restrictions on the Distribution Capability of Indonesian Footwear Supplier
The Trump-era tariffs caused significant disruptions to global maritime supply chains, disproportionately affecting export-dependent archipelagic nations. This study investigates the impact of tariff-induced maritime shocks specifically port congestion, transportation delays, and freight restrictions—on the distribution capabilities of Indonesian footwear suppliers. While previous literature broadly addresses general supply chain risks, this research isolates how these specific maritime bottlenecks translate to supplier-level operations within buyer-driven value chains. Utilizing a quantitative PLS-SEM approach on survey data from 50 tier-1 Indonesian suppliers, the analysis reveals counterintuitive findings. Contrary to expectations, systemic freight restrictions positively catalyzed distribution capabilities by forcing strategic adaptation. Furthermore, port congestion and transportation disruptions yielded non-significant negative effects, suggesting that centralized maritime governance such as FOB contracts buffers suppliers from direct operational shocks while simultaneously enforcing structural dependency. These findings extend maritime logistics literature by highlighting how governance arrangements, rather than just physical constraints, dictate supplier resilience during global trade disruptions.
A Comprehensive Risk Control Analysis of Shorebase Loading and Unloading Processes Using HIRARC, HAZOP, and Delphi Methodologies
Shorebase loading and unloading operations in the offshore oil and gas supply chain involve intensive interactions among heavy equipment, workers, dock conditions, and hazardous materials. Although standard safety procedures are commonly implemented, previous assessments have often applied HIRARC, HAZOP, or expert judgment separately, leaving a methodological gap in how field-based hazards, process deviations, and expert validation can be integrated into a single risk-control framework. This study addresses that gap by combining Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control (HIRARC), Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP), and the Delphi method to analyze loading and unloading risks at PT. X, East Kalimantan. HIRARC identified 14 work-activity hazards, of which 57.14% were categorized as moderate risk and 42.86% as insignificant risk. HAZOP identified 14 operational deviations, consisting of 71% low-risk and 29% moderate-risk deviations. Expert validation through two Delphi iterations confirmed key risk priorities related to working at heights, hazardous-material handling, heavy-equipment operation, night work, and adverse weather. The integrated approach demonstrates that HIRARC is effective for capturing direct field hazards, HAZOP strengthens deviation-based process analysis, and Delphi reduces subjectivity by validating mitigation priorities through expert consensus. The results provide practical recommendations for improving shorebase safety governance through routine inspections, competency-based training, lighting improvement, traffic control, early warning systems, and stricter supervision.
Implementing HSSE Through a Safety Culture Perspective to Enhance Maritime Safety Performance: A Study on Medium-Sized Vessels in Indonesia
This study examines how the implementation of Health, Safety, Security, and Environment (HSSE) practices is associated with the shaping of safety behavior and perceived maritime safety performance on medium-sized vessels in Indonesia. Adopting an interpretivist qualitative approach, the study employs a single-case study design with data collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 crew members across managerial, operational, and support levels, complemented by field observations and archival safety documents. Guided by the Gioia methodology, the analysis identifies three interrelated mechanisms through which HSSE practices are interpreted and enacted at the shipboard level: the internalization of safety values through leadership and safety communication, the reinforcement of safe behavior through collective norms and peer accountability, and the enactment of trust-based reporting and continuous learning. The findings suggest that HSSE does not automatically translate into high safety performance; rather, its effectiveness is understood to be contingent upon the presence of a supportive safety culture and the enactment of everyday safety behaviors by crew members. Supportive safety leadership, two-way communication, and non-punitive reporting systems are consistently described as facilitating safety compliance and safety participation, which are associated with heightened risk awareness, improved coordination across shipboard functions, and fewer unsafe acts during complex operations. Theoretically, this study advances HSSE and safety culture scholarship by explicitly conceptualizing safety culture as a social and interpretive mechanism that mediates the translation of formal HSSE systems into lived safety practices. By moving beyond a procedural view of HSSE, the study extends Safety Culture Theory through a micro-operational perspective, offering analytically transferable insights for similar high-risk maritime contexts.
Enhancing Seafarers’ Self-Awareness and Emergency Decisions through Bridge Simulator Training
This study examines the association between Bridge Simulator training, seafarers’ self-awareness, and emergency decision-making performance. A quantitative correlational design was employed involving 105 active seafarers who had participated in certified bridge simulator training. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire measuring perceived training quality, self-awareness, and emergency decision-making performance. Spearman’s rho correlation analysis revealed a strong positive association between Bridge Simulator training and self-awareness (ρ = 0.764), as well as between Bridge Simulator training and emergency decision-making performance (ρ = 0.744). These findings indicate that higher perceived quality of simulator training is associated with higher levels of self-awareness and decision-making performance in emergency contexts. The study contributes empirical evidence on the psychological and cognitive dimensions associated with simulator-based maritime training and highlights implications for maritime education and safety training.
Comparison of Mangrove and Coastal Ecosystem Management Strategies between Padang City (Indonesia) and Port Dickson (Malaysia) to Support Coastal Resilience
Mangrove and coastal ecosystems play a critical role in enhancing coastal resilience; however, their effectiveness strongly depends on governance arrangements and management strategies. This study applies a qualitative comparative case study approach integrating a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and field observations to compare mangrove and coastal ecosystem management strategies in Padang City (Indonesia) and Port Dickson (Malaysia). A structured comparative framework was used to assess biophysical conditions, governance structures, monitoring capacity, community participation, and contributions to ecological, institutional, and social resilience. The results indicate that Padang City possesses larger mangrove extent and higher species diversity, supporting stronger ecological and social resilience, but is constrained by fragmented governance and weak enforcement. Port Dickson exhibits smaller and fragmented mangrove areas with clearer institutional authority and periodic monitoring, yet limited social–ecological integration. The findings highlight that effective coastal resilience requires integrating strong regulatory frameworks, community engagement, and consistent long-term monitoring.
Maritime-Based Ecotourism: A Simple Educational Model for Yacht Passengers to Enhance Marine Environment Sustainability
The rapid growth of maritime tourism in Banyuwangi, Indonesia, presents both significant economic opportunities and increasing pressure on fragile marine ecosystems. This article is framed as a conceptual and experiential case study that examines the role of passenger education in promoting marine environmental sustainability within yacht tourism operations. Drawing on participatory observation grounded in the author’s professional experience as a yacht captain, the study identifies recurring patterns of environmentally detrimental passenger behaviour and develops a simple educational intervention embedded within routine operational practices. The proposed 5-Minute Pre-Sail Briefing model integrates concise sustainability messages into standard operating procedures, with emphasis on waste prevention, coral reef protection, and respectful interaction with marine life. The findings represent observational insights rather than empirical validation, suggesting that brief, context-specific educational communication has the potential to encourage pro-environmental behaviour among yacht passengers. Although the model is not intended to be generalisable, it demonstrates potential transferability to comparable small-scale maritime tourism contexts. Overall, this study underscores the importance of behavioural and educational strategies as complementary elements of sustainable maritime transport.
Determinants of Operational Performance in Maritime Livestock Transport: A Mixed-Methods SEM–PLS Study from Indonesia
Livestock transportation by sea plays an important role in Indonesia's national cattle supply chain, but to date, it still faces challenges in the form of variability in service quality, driver competence, and the lack of digital monitoring technology on board ships. This study aims to identify the factors that influence the operational performance of government-owned livestock ships (Camara Nusantara 1 to 6) by integrating service quality, technological readiness (based on perception), and the role of crew members/kleder into a single integrated analytical model. A mixed-methods approach was used in this study. The quantitative stage used Structural Equation Modelling–Partial Least Squares (SEM–PLS) with 34 respondents, while the qualitative stage was conducted through in-depth interviews with officials from the Directorate of Traffic and Sea Transportation, Ministry of Transportation. Regulatory variables were measured but excluded from the structural model due to multicollinearity with service variables. The results showed that service quality had a significant effect on operational performance. At the same time, technology, although not yet implemented on livestock ships was the strongest predictor, reflecting stakeholders' expectations for future digitalisation. The role of kleders did not have a statistically significant effect, even though they played a major role in manually monitoring livestock conditions. Qualitative findings reinforce these results by demonstrating inconsistencies in kleders' competencies, limitations in technological infrastructure, and variations in operational implementation between regions. This study contributes to the development of marine livestock logistics systems in Indonesia, while also providing policy recommendations to improve efficiency, safety, and livestock welfare.
Analysis of Differences in Mooring Service Time between the Statement of Facts and Pranota: A Case Study of ITL Shipping Agency Balikpapan Branch and PT. Pelindo Balikpapan Branch
This study aims to analyze the factors that cause the difference in mooring service time between the Statement of Fact (SoF) issued by ITL Shipping Agency and the Pranota issued by PT Pelindo Balikpapan Branch. The research method employed was a qualitative method with a case study approach, with analysis conducted using fishbone diagrams to identify the gaps that emerged. The results of the study show that the main causes of time differences are seen from six aspects: Man, Machine, Method, Measurement, Material, and Mother Nature. This condition results in differences in the recording of mooring times, which have a direct effect on the calculation of mooring service costs and differences in bill values. This study emphasizes that improvement efforts need to be focused on improving the competence of Human Resources (HR), synchronizing the time recording system, strengthening the socialization of SOPs, optimizing document verification, and standardizing the time reference using UTC+08:00. These strategic steps are considered important to minimize time mismatches in the future and ensure the smooth and accurate process of mooring services at the Port of Balikpapan.
Management of the Plant Quarantine Release Certificate in the Loading and Unloading Process at PT. Ciomas Ariya Samudera
This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Plant Quarantine Release Certificate management in supporting the smooth loading and unloading process of dry bulk at PT Ciomas Ariya Samudera. Plant Quarantine Release Certificate are quarantine requirements that must be met for the import of plant-based feed commodities, such as soybean meal (SBM), into Indonesia. The research method used a qualitative case study approach through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation studies of administrative and operational processes. The results show that internal Plant Quarantine Release Certificate management can be said to be effective because it has been carried out systematically through document requirement planning, implementation of procedures according to SOPs, and supervision of document storage. However, its effectiveness is still hampered by several external factors such as weather, as well as technical disruptions to the online system, so it requires revision, re-coordination, or manual alternatives so that the process is not hampered. These obstacles result in delayed loading and unloading processes, increased logistics costs, and the risk of losses for animal feed company partners. Therefore, it is necessary to increase synergy between the company and relevant agencies, strengthen integrated digital systems, and conduct regular training to improve responsiveness to policy changes.
Comparative Thermal Performance Analysis of Nipah Palm Fiber and Expanded Polystyrene as Sustainable Cool Box Insulation for Small-Scale Fisheries
Small-scale fishermen in the Sangihe Islands rely heavily on expanded polystyrene (EPS) cool boxes to preserve fish during transit, yet these synthetic materials are environmentally problematic and economically limiting. This study experimentally evaluates Nipah palm fiber (Nypah fruticans), an abundant coastal biomass waste, as a sustainable insulation alternative for pumpboat-based fisheries. Three cooler box configurations were comparatively tested under controlled tropical conditions (31°C ±2°C ambient temperature) over a 12-hour period: (1) standard EPS insulation (20 mm), (2) raw compressed Nipah fiber (30 mm), and (3) a hybrid composite combining compressed Nipah fiber (30 mm) with a reflective aluminum layer. Thermal performance was assessed through continuous internal, external, and fish-core temperature monitoring at 30-minute intervals. Results demonstrate a clear hierarchy in insulation efficiency. The hybrid Nipah configuration achieved the lowest warming rate (0.167°C/hour), nearly three times slower than the EPS control. After 12 hours, the hybrid system-maintained fish temperature at 0.4°C, compared to 4.8°C in the EPS box. The improved performance is attributed to the dense lignocellulosic fiber structure, which enhances air entrapment and reduces conductive heat transfer, while the aluminum layer minimizes radiant heat gain. These findings confirm that Nipah palm waste provides a cost-effective, locally available, and environmentally sustainable insulation solution tailored to tropical maritime logistics. The adoption of Nipah-based bio-composite insulation has the potential to extend fish shelf life, reduce post-harvest losses, and decrease dependence on non-biodegradable synthetic polymers in traditional fisheries.
A Conseptual Application of Artificial Neural Networks in the Oil Offloading Process from FPSO to Tanker: Cargo Loss Perspective
Artificial Intelligence has experienced significant improvements, including its use in sustainable maritime security. Offloading oil from FPSO to tankers can potentially lose cargo due to sabotage from fraudulent parties. Even though international laws and regulations have been enacted, this potential cannot be controlled. Various approaches and researchers have used Artificial Intelligence in the maritime aspect, but they have yet to discuss it from the perspective of cargo loss. The application of intelligent technology in the offloading process aims to create an integrated and coordinated system of parties involved in oil shipping operations using tankers. Therefore, a systematic review of Artificial Intelligence was conducted to find a solution from the perspective of load loss due to sabotage in the oil offloading process. Overall, we find that the potential for oil sabotage always exists in delivering tankers from the FPSO to their destination. The Automatic Integrated System is the Artificial Intelligence most often used to control maritime security. Instead, we see a need for cloud computing, internet-of-things, and big data analytics, which play a critical role in maritime security today.
Welder Qualification Requirements for Midship Block Assembly of a 3702 GT Barge
Precise and efficient welding is required in the assembly and erection of the 3702 GT barge block system. A mismatch between the number of welders available and actual needs in the field can affect production time and cost efficiency. The purpose of this study is to determine the number of welders and electrodes required in the assembly of the 3702 GT midship barge block, which is expected to serve as a reference in the planning and management of welders and materials in the shipbuilding process. A quantitative approach was taken by collecting technical data, namely welding length, fillet volume, welder productivity, and work efficiency. The data was obtained from technical documents, field measurements, and three-dimensional modeling of the 3702 GT midship barge block. The analysis results show that the total welding length in fabrication reaches 1.361 meters, while in erection it reaches 126 meters. with a welding volume of 31,184 cm³ and an electrode requirement of 326.39 kg. With the application of 35% work efficiency of welders in the field, the requirement for welders for the assembly of the midship barge block was eight welders with a duration of seven days.
Numerical Modeling and Simulation of Tsunami Hazards in South Seram Island, Indonesia: A Case Study on Kairatu Fault
This study aims to analyze the potential for tsunamis caused by tectonic activity along the Kairatu Fault and to evaluate inundation patterns based on numerical modeling results using the COMCOT software. The Kairatu Fault is an active structure in the western part of Seram, with the potential to generate significant earthquakes and trigger tsunamis around Piru Bay and the waters of Ambon. Modeling was conducted using bathymetry data, earthquake source parameters, and seafloor deformation derived from the Okada model. Tsunami simulations were performed to estimate the maximum wave height, wave arrival time, and wave energy distribution along the coastline. Simulation results indicate that the southern coastal areas of Seram and the western coast of Ambon are highly vulnerable to inundation, with wave heights reaching 2–3 m and arrival times around 15–25 min after the earthquake event. Based on these modeling results, it is recommended that the early warning system and coastal spatial planning be strengthened to support tsunami disaster mitigation efforts in the area.
Implementation of the Least Square Method in Tidal Harmonic Analysis Using Python Programming
This study aims to analyze the tidal characteristics in the southern coastal area of ​​Madura using the least squares-based harmonic analysis method with Python programming. This method is used to obtain tidal harmonic constants and determine the tidal type in the study area. The analysis results show that the M₂ component is the dominant component with an amplitude of 0.498 m, followed by the K₁, O₁, and S₂. The Formzahl value of 1.056 indicates that the tidal type in the southern coastal area of ​​Madura is a mixed tide tending to be semidiurnal. Model validation using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) produced a value of 0.201 m, indicating that the modeling results have a fairly good level of accuracy. The results of this study are expected to be a reference in the planning and management of coastal areas in Madura waters.
Mapping the Distribution of Sediment Types Using Core Sampling Methods on the Coast of Prancak Village, Bangkalan Regency, Indonesia
Prancak Village is a coastal village located in Sepulu Subdistrict, Bangkalan Regency, which has an important ecosystem in the form of coral reefs and seagrass beds. This study aims to map the distribution of bottom sediments and determine the influence of hydrodynamic conditions on sediment distribution. Data collection was conducted at 20 stations using a core sampler, and sediment samples were analyzed for granulometry in the laboratory. Supporting parameters such as currents, waves, tides, and bathymetry were also recorded. The results of this study show that bottom sediments in the coastal area of Prancak Village are dominated by sand with a sand content of 94.914-99.598% and silt and clay content ranging from 0.323-5.086%. The results of sediment classification showed that fine sand dominated at some points, while coarse mud dominated at other locations. The dominance of sandy sediments in the coastal area of Prancak Village creates substrate conditions that support seagrass growth and the sustainability of the coral reef ecosystem. This study provides information on the distribution of bottom sediments as a basis for coastal management and development planning, as well as erosion and sedimentation mitigation in the coastal area of Prancak Village, Bangkalan Regency.
Analysis Of Geomorphology Using the Coastal Vulnerability Index Method on the Coast of Prancak Village, Bangkalan Regency, Indonesia
Coastal areas are highly dynamic environments facing increasing threats from both natural processes and human activities, such as coastal erosion, sea level rise, and land use changes. Prancak Village is one such coastal area vulnerable to geomorphological changes. This study aims to assess coastal vulnerability through geomorphological analysis using the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) method. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources, including satellite imagery, field surveys, digital elevation models (DEMs), and data from relevant agencies. The analyzed parameters comprised coastal morphology, beach slope, shoreline change, wave height, and tidal range. The CVI calculation yielded a value of 6.93, which falls within the 5.8–10.06 range classified as “low vulnerability” (20–40% vulnerability level), indicating that the study site has relatively low susceptibility to the physical factors assessed Although the overall index is low, local physical dynamics still pose risks in certain areas, confirming that geomorphology and coastal ecosystem conditions are more decisive in determining vulnerability than oceanographic parameters such as wave height.
Analysis of the Relationship between Chlorophyll-a Concentration Variability and Sea Surface Temperature on ENSO and IOD Phenomena in the Waters of Sumenep, Madura Island
Indonesia’s marine environment is highly sensitive to global climate variability, particularly El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). This study analyzes the spatial and temporal variability of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a concentration and their relationship with ENSO and IOD in Sumenep waters, Madura Island. SST and chlorophyll-a data were derived from Aqua MODIS satellite observations for the period 2014–2024, while ENSO and IOD were represented by the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) and Dipole Mode Index (DMI). Data were analyzed using temporal trend analysis, spatial mapping, and Pearson correlation. The results show that SST fluctuated between 28.01 and 30.75 °C, with higher temperatures during El Niño phases and lower temperatures during La Niña phases. Chlorophyll-a exhibited relatively stable minimum values (0.178–0.217 mg/m³), while maximum values varied between 0.499 and 0.782 mg/m³, peaking in 2020. Pearson correlation analysis indicates a strong relationship between ENSO and SST (r = 0.791) and a very strong relationship with chlorophyll-a (r = 0.898). In contrast, IOD shows very weak correlations with SST (r = 0.074) and chlorophyll-a (r = 0.211). These findings confirm that ENSO is the dominant driver of SST and chlorophyll-a variability in Sumenep waters, with important implications for regional marine productivity.
Intelligence and Global Transportation Supply Chain Management: The Case of Oil and Gas Supply in the Gulf of Guinea
The Gulf of Guinea (GoG) is a critical artery for global oil and gas distribution, yet its supply chain is plagued by a complex risk ecosystem. This study investigates the imperative of intelligence management in mitigating these risks. Employing a mixed-methods approach, it integrates quantitative data from the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) and MDAT-GoG (2020-2024) with qualitative insights from focused group interviews with 12 security and industry experts. The findings reveal an evolution in maritime criminality towards armed robbery and theft, persistent infrastructure deficits that act as risk multipliers, and a critical "intelligence deficit" hindering proactive risk management. The study concludes that security threats, infrastructural decay, and geopolitical instability are interconnected. It recommends regional intelligence collaboration via the Yaoundé Architecture, route optimization using digital tools, massive infrastructural investment, and a sustainable regional security framework to secure the oil and gas supply chain.
Socio-Maritime Innovation and Community Engagement
Probabilistic Evaluation of Seawall Performance Against Wave Run-Up and Overtopping Under Variable Water Levels at Serui Fuel Terminal
Seawalls are one of the coastal protection structures commonly used to reduce the risk of wave overtopping, especially in critical coastal infrastructure. At the Fuel Terminal in Serui, overtopping events have been recorded causing damage to several facilities, even under moderate wave conditions. This study evaluates the performance of the existing seawall under the combined influence of probabilistic waves (H2%, H10%, H33%) and sea level variations (MSL and HWL). A 20-year wave dataset (2002–2021) obtained from ECMWF was statistically analyzed, followed by theoretical wave transformation toward the shoreline. Wave run-up was calculated based on the Iribarren-type formulation and empirical equations, in which the 2% exceedance run-up (R2%) was estimated using the probabilistic extreme wave height (H2%) following established empirical correlations for smooth seawalls. Overtopping discharge was estimated using an exponential formula and compared with established overtopping impact classifications. Results indicate that under High Water Level (HWL) conditions, all run-up values exceeded the seawall crest elevation (+1.93 m relative to MSL), with R2% reaching 3.3 m and a maximum overtopping discharge of 92 l/s/m, corresponding to a high functional damage risk. Wave overtopping does not compromise the structural integrity of the seawall but can cause significant functional damage to facilities and operation behind the wall. Even under MSL conditions, overtopping still occurred for extreme wave conditions (H2%), These results are consistent with field observations in 2020, confirming that the existing seawall geometry and smooth surface contribute to limited wave energy dissipation. Unlike conventional deterministic assessments, this study introduces a probabilistic and field-validated evaluation framework that integrates run-up and overtopping analysis under varying water levels, providing a more realistic basis for assessing seawall performance for future adaptive redesign strategies.
The Importance of Lifeboat Winch Maintenance for the Safety of Crew and Passengers on the KM Sultan Hasanuddin Training Ship
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the lifeboat winch maintenance program and identify internal and external factors that affect its implementation. The research method used a qualitative descriptive approach through observation of the physical condition of the equipment, interviews with the crew, and review of logbooks. The results of the study show that the lifeboat winch maintenance program on KM Sultan Hasanuddin is not yet effective. The condition of the equipment shows degradation, such as rust on the wire rope and blurred nameplates, while the Planned Maintenance System (PMS) documentation is not available. Safety drills are conducted, but passenger involvement is not guaranteed, thereby reducing collective preparedness. Internal factors that influence this include the competence of the crew, the availability of spare parts, the consistency of the maintenance schedule, and the safety culture. External factors include the corrosive marine environment, ship operator policies, budget constraints, and weak external supervision. The implications of these findings emphasize the need for the implementation of a documented PMS, consistent preventive maintenance, and integrated drills involving all parties on board. For maritime educational institutions, this research also serves as a basis for the development of practical learning modules on lifeboat winch maintenance to support the formation of a safety culture from an early stage.
Ship Crew Behavior, Maritime Safety Culture, and Shipping Operational Performance
The purpose of this study is to examine how crew behavior affects shipping operational performance when maritime safety culture is used as a mediating variable. Using Flin's (2008) crew behavior instrument, Xi et al.'s (2025) safety culture instrument, and BIMCO Shipping's (2020) operational performance KPIs, data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 343 commercial ship crews in Indonesia, using a 1–5 Likert scale. External model testing (validity and reliability) and internal model testing (R2, f2, SRMR, and hypotheses) were conducted with SEM-PLS using SmartPLS 4. The results show that crew behavior has a significant impact on maritime safety culture (β = 0.936; p < 0.001). However, the direct impact on operational performance was small (β = 0.208; p < 0.018). These findings confirm that crew behavior only has an optimal impact when it is internalized into the organization's safety culture, so shipping companies need to strengthen safety policies, continuous training, safety-based leadership, and non-punitive reporting systems. Theoretically, this study expands the literature on safety management by showing that the ever-changing interaction between human elements and organizational culture determines how effective maritime organizations are.
Mapping Indonesia's Maritime Defense Strategy: A Critical Analysis of Enforcement Effectiveness Against Territorial Violations in the North Natuna Sea
This study examines Indonesia’s maritime defense strategy in the North Natuna Sea, focusing on the identification of major threats and the assessment of enforcement effectiveness. A descriptive qualitative method was employed, utilizing interviews, observations, and document analysis, with data analyzed through Miles and Huberman’s model. The findings show that Indonesia applies a layered maritime defense that integrates military power, diplomacy, law enforcement, and community participation. Key threats consist of illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, grey zone tactics, unauthorized seabed surveys, and transnational smuggling. Joint operations involving the Navy, the Maritime Security Agency (Bakamla), and the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries were found to reduce violations, with an estimated Rp774.3 billion in potential state losses prevented between January and May 2025. However, the overall effectiveness remains limited due to constrained naval assets, weak interagency coordination, and regional geopolitical pressures. The study underscores the significance of a multi-actor enforcement approach and recommends the establishment of integrated command centers, modernization of AI-based surveillance systems, and the strengthening of defense diplomacy to reinforce Indonesia’s maritime security posture.