THE EFFECT OF Fe2+ DAN Mn2+ IONS TOWARD β-CAROTENE PRODUCTIVITY BY PHYTOPLANKTON Isochrysis aff galbana (T-iso)
Abstract
The research aimed to find out the effect of Fe2+ and Mn2+ towards β-carotene productivity as result of oxidative stress from photosystem (PS II). The phytoplanton Isocrysis aff galbana (T-iso) were the microalgae species which had the high lipid content primarily and had potentiality to produce β-carotene as the β-carotene supplement. Analysis method was carried out by the sonication extraction for short and cheap in the lysis cell of phytoplankton biomassa, infra red (IR) to find out the interaction metal ion and UV/VIS spectrophotometer to determine β-carotene concentration. The research result indicateds that Fe2+ has higher impact than Mn2+ on the β-carotene productivity. The interaction of ions metal indicates as M-N, -O-M and M←OH-C complex in the phytoplankton amino acid. The β-carotene concentration is 4,97 µg/g DW in addition Fe2+ 0,30 ppm and 1,95 μg/g DW in Mn2+ 0,20 ppm. The dry weight concentrations of β-carotene indicates that I. aff galbana with Fe2+ addition has potential as β-carotene supplement.
References
Allen, J. F., de Paula, B. M. W/. Puthyiyaveetil, S., dan Nield, J., 2011, Review: A structural Phylogenetic Map for Chloroplast Photosynthesis, Trends in Plant Science, 16 (12): 645-655.
Cai, M., Zhe, L. dan Anxiang, Q., 2009, Effect of Iron Electrovalence and Spesies on Growth and Astaxanthin Production of Haemotococcus pluvialis, Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol, 27 (2) : 370-375.
Fidalgo, J. P., Cid, A., Torres, E., Sukenik, A. dan Herrero, A., 1998, Effect of Nitrogen Source and Growth Phase on Proximate Biochemical Composition, Lipid Classes and Fatty Acid Profile of The Marine Microalga Isochrysis aff. galbana, Aquaculture, 166:105-116.
Gouveia, L., Batista, A. P., Sousa, I., Raymundo, A. dan Bandarra, N. M., 2008, Microalgae in Novel Food Product, Food Chemistry Research Developments, Nova Science Publishers, Inc: 1-37.
Guedes, A. C., Amaro, H. M. dan Malcata, F. X., 2011, Microalgae As Source of High Added-Value Compound-Brief Riview of Recent Work, Biotechnol. Prog, 27 (3): 597-613.
Hadi, M. R., Shariati, M. dan Afsharzadeh, S., 2008, Microalgal Biotechnology: Carotenoid and Glycerol Production by The Green Algae Dunaliella Isolated from the Gave-Khooni Salt Marsh, Iran, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 13: 540-544.
Hess, S. Y., Thurnham, D. I. dan Hurrell, R. F., 2005, Technical Monograph Series: Influence of Provitamin A Carotenoids of Iron, Zinc and Vitamin A Status, Harvest Plus-UK: 4-28.
Interclinical Laboratories, 2010, Dunaliella salina-Marine Phytoplankton, Botanical Monograph, Interclinical Laboratories Pty Limited, Australia.
Li, M., Ahu, Q., Hu, C. W., Chen, L., Liu, Z. L. dan Kong, Z.M., 2007, Abstrak: Cobalt and Manganese Stress in the Microalga Pavlova viridis (Prymnesiophyceae): Effect on Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant enzymes, J. Environ Sci, 19 (11): 1330-1335.
Manahan, S., 2002, Toicological Chemistry and Biochemistry, CRC Press, USA: 401.
Matsuzawa, T., Sera, K., Futatsugawa, S. dan Shiraiwa, Y., 2004, Abstrack: Change in element composition of microalgal cells under iron-deficient conditions: basic study on homeostasis of element utilization, NMCC Annual Report, 12: 103.
Miles, B., 2003, Photosystem I and II, (online), (http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/bmiles/lectures/photosystems.pdf, 27 Juli 2012)
Millaleo,R., Reyes-Diaz, M., Ivanov, A. G., Mora, M. L. dan Alberdi, M., 2010, Manganese as Essential and Toxic Element for Plants: Transport, Accumulation and Resistance and Mechanisms, J. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr, 10 (4): 476-494.
Pessarakli, M., 2005, Handbook of Photosynthesis-Chapter 44: Heavy Metal Toxicity Induced Alteration in Photosynthetic Metabolims in Plants, 2nd edition, CRC Press, USA: 2.
Wanasundara, P. K. J. P. D. dan Shahidi, F., 2005, Antioxidants: Science, Technology and Applications, John Wiley and Son’s: 431- 442.
