Keanekaragaman dan Penetapan “Umbrella Species” Satwa liar Di Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser
Downloads
The determination of ‘umbrella species’ in the wildlife conservation implementation is very important to be effective and directed. This study was aimed to obtain information wildlife diversity (primates and terrestrial mammals) and ‘umbrella species’ on various type of habitats to support conservation programs in the Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP), of Besitang Watershed, North Sumatera. The research was carried for six months, from May to October 2015. The observation was made using combination of variable circular plot and strip transect methods. Determination of 'umbrella species' is done through valuating by referring to the Department of Forestry criterias (2008). Primate were identified about 6 species and terrestrial mammal of 16 species. Primate and mammal diversity index are with the category of low to moderate with abudance index between 5.60-15.32. Based onassessment criteria and consideration to high conflict potential show that ‘umbrella species’ are elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus Temminck, 1847). The wildlife conservation implications are recommended, such as to the elephants around GLNP, i.e to increase research wildlife distribution and population, habitat protection and population pockets, to develop a database and monitoring with geographic information systems (GIS), the minimization a hunting and law enforcement as well as mitigation wildlife conflicts, such as elephants and orangutans.
Abdullah, M., M.P. Mamat, M. R. Yaacob, A. Radam and L.H. Fui. (2015). Estimate the conservation value of biodiversity in national heritage site: A case of Forest Research Institute Malaysia. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 30, 180–185.
Abram, N. K., E. Meijaard, J. A., Wells, M. Ancrenaz,A. S. Pellier, R. K. Runting, D. Gaveau,S. Wich, Nardiyono, A. Tjiu, A. Nurcahyo, and K. Mengersen. (2015). Mapping perceptions of species' threats and population trends to inform conservation efforts: the Bornean orangutan case study. Diversity Distrib. 21, 487–499. Diakses dari doi:10.1111/ddi.12286 pada tanggal 20 Juni 2016.
Alikodra, H. S. (2010). Teknik pengelolaan satwaliar dalam rangka mempertahankan keanekaragaman hayati Indonesia. Edisi ke-2. IPB Press. Bogor. Hal 1-270.
Bhattarai, BP and P. Kindlmann. (2013). Effect of human disturbance on the prey of tiger in the Chitwan National Park-Implications for park management. Journal of Environmental Management, 131, 343-350.
Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser. (2009). Rencana Pengelolaan Jangka Panjang Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser Periode 2010 –2029. Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam. Kementerian Kehutanan. Medan. Hal 1-54.
Bischof, R., Fujita, R., Zedrosser, A., So derberg, A., & Swen-son, J. E. (2008). Hunting patterns, ban on baiting, and harvest demographics of brown bears in Sweden. Journal of Wildlife Management, 72, 79–88.
Buckland, S.T., D.R. Anderson, K.P. Burnham, J. L. Laake, D. L. Borchers and L. Thomas. (2001). Introduction to Distance Sampling. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Buckley, R. C., C Morrison andJ.G. Castley.(2016). Net Effects of Ecotourism on Threatened Species Survival. PLoS ONE, 11(2), e0147988. Diakses dari: doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147988 pada tanggal 15 Juni 2016.
Choudhury, A. (2013). The Mammals of North-East India. first ed. Guwahati, India: Gibbon Books and the Rhino Foundation for nature in NE India.
Corlett, R.T., (2011). Impacts of warming on tropical lowland rainforests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 26(11), 606–613.
Dengler, J., M. Janiˇsova, P. Torok, C Wellstein. (2014). Biodiversity of Palaearctic grasslands: a synthesis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 182, 1–14.
Departemen Kehutanan. (1990). Undang-undang No. 5 tentang Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya, tanggal 10 Agustus 1990. Departemen Kehutanan. Jakarta.
Departemen Kehutanan. (2008). PeraturanMenteri Kehutanan Nomor 57 Tahun 2008 tentangArahan strategis konservasi spesies nasional tahun 2008-2018. Departemen Kehutanan. Jakarta: Biro Hukum dan Organisasi Dephut.
Devos, C., P. D. Walsh, E. Arnhemand M. C. Huynen, M.C. (2008). Monitoring population decline: can transect surveys detect the impact of the Ebola virus on apes? Oryx, 42, 367–374.
Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam –Departemen Kehutanan RI. (2007). Strategi dan Rencana Aksi Konservasi Gajah Sumatera dan Gajah Kalimantan 2007 –2017. Jakarta.
Drury, R.(2011). Hungry for success: Urban consumer demand for wild animal products in Vietnam. Conservation Soc. 9 (3), 247–257.
Flores-Palacios, A.and S.Valencia-Diaz. (2007). Local illegal trade reveals unknown diversity and involves a high species richness of wild vascular epiphytes. Biol.Conserv. 136(3), 372–387.
Franklin, J.F. and K.N. Johnson.(2012). A restoration framework for federal forests in the Pacific Northwest. J. Forest. 110, 429–439.
Garsetiasih, R. (2012). Manajemen Konflik Konservasi Banteng (Bos javanicus D’alton 1832) dengan Masyarakat di Taman Nasional Meru Betiri Dan Taman Nasional Alas Purwo Jawa Timur. Disertasi Program Doktor Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor. Hal : 1-64.
Gibson, L., T.M.Lee, L.P. Koh, B.W. Brook, T.A. Gardner, J. Barlow, C.A. Peres, C.J.Bradshaw, W.F. Laurance, T.E. Lovejoy and N.S. Sodhi.(2011). Primary forestsare irreplaceable for sustaining tropical biodiversity. Nature 478 (7369), 378–381.
Hinsley, A., D. Verissimo and D. L. Roberts. (2015). Heterogeneity in consumer preferences for orchids in international tradeand the potential for the use of market research methods to study demand for wildlife. Biological Conservation 190:80–86.Journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon.
Indrawan, M., R.B. Primark dan J. Supriatna. (2012). Biologi konservasi (edisi revisi). Yayasan Pusaka Obor Indonesia. Hal: 1-626.
IUCN. (2012). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/5953. Diakses tanggal 24 Maret 2014.
Ives, A.R. (2007). Diversity and Stability in Ecological Communities. In: R.M. May and A.R. McLean, editor. Theoretical Ecology. Oxford.
Kansky, R. and A. T. Knight. (2015). Key factors driving attitudes towards large mammals in conflict with humans. Biological Conservation, 179, 93–105.
Keenan, R., G.Reams, J. Freitas, E. Lindquist, F. Achard and A. Grainger. (2015). Dynamics of global forest area: results from the 2015 Global Forest Resources Assessment. Forest Ecol. Manage. 352, 9–20.
Kharkwal, G.andY.S. Rawat. (2010). Structure and composition of vegetationin subtropical forest of Kumaun Himalaya. Afr J Plant Sci, 4(4), 116-121.
Kiffner C., M. Albertini, A. Ede, B. Donnellan, N. Hahn, M.A. McGinnis, N.A. Nietlisbach, J. Tate, J. Kioko. (2015). Performance of individual species as indicators for large mammal species richness in Northern Tanzania. Ecological Indicators, 53, 70-77.
Ku hl, H., F. Maisels,M. Ancrenaz andE.A. Williamson. (2011). Panduan Survei dan Pemantauan Populasi Kera Besar. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. iii+ 32 pp.
Kuswanda, W. (2014). Tingkat Perburuan, Pengetahuan Masyarakat dan Kebijakan Perlindungan Trenggiling (Manis javanica Desmarest, 1822) di sekitar Hutan Konservasi di Sumatera Utara. Jurnal INOVASI Media Litbang Provinsi Sumatera Utara, 11(2), 120-130.
Marshall, A.R., J.C. Lovett, P.C.L. White. (2008). Selection of line-transect methods for estimating the density of group-living animals: Lessons from theprimates. American Journal of Primatology, 70, 452–462.
Mazumder K, R. Soud, A. Gupta. (2011). Mammalian diversity of degraded forest habitats around Assam University Campus, Silchar, India, with notes on Conservation status. Our Nat. 9,119-127.
Mazumder, M.K. (2014). Diversity, habitat preferences, and conservation of the primates of Southern Assam, India: The story of a primate paradise Review article. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 7, 347–354.
Meijaard, E., H.D. Rijksen dan S.N. Kartikasari. (2001). Diambang Kepunahan! : Kondisi orangutan liar di awal abad ke –21. Publikasi The Gibbon Foundation Indonesia. Jakarta. pp: 1-225.
Natusch, D.J. andJ.A. Lyons.(2012). Exploited for pets: the harvest and trade ofamphibians and reptiles from Indonesian New Guinea. Biodivers. Conserv. 21(11), 2899–2911.
Reynold, T.T., J. M. Scott, and R.A. Nussbaum. (1980). A variable circular-plot method for estimating bird numbers. The Cooper Ornithological Society. Condor, 82,309-313.
Russell, J. C. N. C. Cole, N.Zuël, G. Rocamora. (2016). Introduced mammals on Western Indian Ocean islands. Global Ecology and Conservation, 6, 132–144. Journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gecco
Sathis, B.N, S Viswanath and S Kushalappa. (2013). Comparative Assessment of Floristic Structure, Diversity and Regeneration Status of Tropical Rain Forests of Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 5,157–164.
Segan, D. B., K. A. Murray, J. E.M. Watson. (2016). A global assessment of current and future biodiversity vulnerability to habitat loss–climate change interactions. Global Ecology and Conservation, 5, 12–21.
Shaheen, H., Z. Ulah, S.M. Khan and D.M. Harper. (2012). Species composition and community structure of western Himalayan moist temperate forests in Kashmir. Forest Ecol Manag, 278, 138-145.
Struebig, M.J., A. Wilting, D.L.A. Gaveau, E. Meijaard and R.J. Smith. The Borneo Mammal Distribution Consortium, M. Fischer, K. Metcalfe and S Kramer-Schadt. (2015). Targeted Conservation to Safeguard a Biodiversity Hotspot from Climate and Land-Cover Change. Current Biology, 25, 372–378.
Tripathi O.P. and R.S. Tripathi. (2010). Community composition and structure of subtropical vegetation of Meghalaya, Northeast India. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management 6, 157–163.
Waspada. (2014). Kerusakan DAS Sei Besitang Faktor Utama Pemicu Banjir. Ditulis oleh M. Faisal tanggal 19 Mei 2014. http://www.waspadamedan.com. Diakses tanggal 23 Mei 2014.
