Zona Laut Jurnal Inovasi Sains Dan Teknologi Kelautan
Zona Laut: Journal of Ocean Science and Technology Innovation (e-ISSN: 2721-5717 p-ISSN: 2747-2124) has been accredited Sinta 3 from the Directorate General of Higher Education Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology. This journal is open access and peer-reviewed journal published by the Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University in March, July, and November every year. Manuscripts that have been approved for publication have been reviewed by reviewers and are free to download via our website. Starting from 2024, Zonalaut will accept and publish articles in English. This decision has been made to broaden the readership and authorship from various parts of the world, as well as to enhance the quality and relevance of the research published. Therefore, we urge all authors who wish to submit their manuscripts to Zonalaut to ensure that the manuscript is written in proper English. We greatly appreciate your attention and cooperation in this matter.
Departemen Teknik Kelautan Universitas Hasanuddin
Allow anyone to modify, improve, and make derivative works, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit to you for the original work.
Technical Feasibility Assessment of Seaplane Operations at Tinabo Besar Island, Taka Bonerate National Park, Indonesia
Taka Bonerate National Park (TBNP) is one of the largest marine conservation areas in Indonesia, renowned for its unique atoll ecosystem and high marine tourism potential. However, limited accessibility remains a major constraint for tourism development. This study aims to assess the technical feasibility of seaplane operations at Tinabo Besar Island as a potential waterbase. The research employed hydro-oceanographic analysis (wind, currents, waves, and bathymetry), measurement of aerial distance and travel time between Makassar and Tinabo, as well as a technical review of four seaplane types (Kodiak 100, Cessna 208 Caravan, Dornier Seastar, and DHC-6 Twin Otter). The results indicate that the hydro-oceanographic conditions around Tinabo Besar are predominantly safe for seaplane operations, with 90.34% of days in a year classified as suitable for flights, 7.31% as marginal, and 2.34% as critical. The lagoon bathymetry, ranging from –2 to > –40 m, supports safe water landings. The Makassar–Tinabo route, approximately 245 km, can be covered in 1.5–2 hours by seaplane, which is significantly more efficient compared to sea travel (12–15 hours). From a technical perspective, the Kodiak 100 and Cessna Caravan are considered the most efficient for regular operations, while the Twin Otter is more suitable for higher passenger demand. Thus, Tinabo Besar Island is deemed feasible as a seaplane operational site, although risk mitigation during the west monsoon and coral reef conservation efforts remain essential, given that the reef ecosystem is the main tourism attraction of Taka Bonerate National Park.
Ocean Transportation Management and Shipping Technology Applications
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Fikram, Chairul Paotonan, Ashury Djamaluddin, Andi Mega Mustika https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Soil Fertility Management in Coastal Areas through the Application of Organic Amendments with Different C/N Ratios: A Study on Lembah Palu Shallot
Lembah Palu shallot is a high-value local horticultural commodity of Central Sulawesi, its adapted to the dry lowland climates makes it a promising crop for coastal agriculture. Agricultural development in coastal areas requires soil-management technologies that improve nutrient availability, enhance the rhizosphere environment, and sustain crop productivity. This study evaluated the effects of organic amendments with different carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) on soil pH, rhizosphere microorganism populations, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) acquisition, and the yield of Lembah Palu shallot. A one-factor randomized block design was used with five treatments: unamended control, cattle manure (C/N 19.8), rice husk (C/N 40.7), cocopeat (C/N 90.6), and vegetable compost (C/N 13.5). The measured variables included soil N, P, and K; plant-tissue N, P, and K acquisition; rhizosphere microorganism colony numbers; bulb numbers; fresh and oven-dry bulb weights; and yields per hectare. The results demonstrate organic amendments with different C/N ratio influenced soil nutrient dynamics, rhizosphere microorganism abundance, plant-tissue nutrient concentrations, and yield of Lembah Palu shallot. Among the amendments evaluated, cocopeat (C/N 90.6) produced the highest tissue N concentration (3.57%), bulb number (8.50 bulbs clump⁻¹), bulb dry weight (0.09 g clump-1), numerical fresh bulb yield (5.87 t ha⁻¹), and oven-dry bulb yield (0.05 t ha⁻¹), significantly higher than cattle manure and vegetable compost treatments. The favorable performance and characteristics of cocopeat could associated with gradual nutrient release and improved root-zone conditions, particularly water retention and aeration, which can enhance nutrient acquisition in porous coastal soils. Because cocopeat is derived from locally available coconut residues, its use may also support agricultural-waste utilization and sustainable agriculture in coastal areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lisa Indriani Bangkele, Idris, Sayani, Siti Fathurahmi Wahid, Nur Aisyah, Nilsa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Export Handling Procedures for Perishable Fish Commodities Via Air Freight at PT. XYZ
Freight forwarding services play a critical role in coordinating multi-modal shipments, managing logistics documentation, and ensuring time-sensitive delivery of perishable commodities. This study analyzes the export handling procedures for perishable fish commodities shipped via air freight at PT XYZ, a specialized freight forwarder operating near Soekarno-Hatta International Airport. Employing a qualitative descriptive method with a single case study design, data were collected through in-depth interviews with two supervisors and three operational staff, direct observation, and documentation review, validated through source and method triangulation. Findings reveal a structured 13-stage export procedure from order receipt to aircraft build-up that must be completed within a 4–6 hour closing-time window. Five operational constraints were identified: (1) delayed commodity information from exporters; (2) human error in document input; (3) external system failures (Badan Karantina Ikan and INSW); (4) cargo space limitations on commercial aircraft, identified as the most dominant constraint based on interview data; and (5) destination-country regulatory complexity. Applying Fishbone Analysis, root causes were traced to five dimensions human, method, machine, material, and environment and targeted strategic recommendations were formulated for each. This study contributes an empirically grounded procedural and analytical framework for perishable fish export logistics, offering practical implications for freight forwarders, airline cargo managers, and export policy stakeholders in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Reny Eka Safitri, Ma'ruf Ma'ruf, Syifa Fajar Maulani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Management Analysis in Identifying the Problems of Combustion Stoppage During the Production Process of Gas Lembam in the Inert Gas Generator
The reliability of the inert gas generator system plays an important role in maintaining operational safety and combustion stability in shipboard systems. However, operational disturbances often occur due to failures in the combustion detection process, particularly in the flame eye detector component that monitors flame intensity during ignition and operation. These disturbances can cause interruptions in the combustion process and reduce the performance of the inert gas generator system. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the utilization of management analysis in identifying and mapping problems occurring in the inert gas generator in order to determine the root causes and appropriate corrective actions. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method to obtain comprehensive data related to the operational performance of the inert gas system. The research process begins with systematic problem mapping followed by field observations to collect real operational data from the inert gas generator system. Data collection is conducted continuously to identify the primary cause of the disturbance. The analysis focuses on several aspects, including the set-point regulation of light intensity readings detected by the flame eye detector, the timer set-point requirements during ignition, and the system’s response to combustion light intensity. The results indicate that failures in the flame eye detector reading process and improper set-point timer configuration significantly influence the interruption of the combustion process in the inert gas generator. Predictive analysis assists in narrowing down the potential causes and identifying the most critical factors affecting system performance. These findings highlight the importance of systematic management analysis in diagnosing operational problems and improving the reliability of inert gas generator systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Aji Luhur Pambudi, Ali Khamdilah, Santhi Wilastari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Shore Leave Crew on Watch Duty on Passenger Ships
The shipping industry plays a vital role in supporting passenger mobility and goods distribution in Indonesia. However, one of the challenges faced is the management of crew working hours and rest periods, particularly in relation to shore leave activities. This study aims to analyze the effect of crew shore leave on the effectiveness of watchkeeping duties on passenger ships and the impact of crew shore leave on the readiness and performance of watchkeeping crews. The research method used is a quantitative approach with an instrument in the form of a questionnaire distributed to 35 passenger ship crew members on duty at PT Pelni Makassar. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, regression tests, and ANOVA. The results of the study indicate that shore leave crew has a significant effect on the quality of watchkeeping, particularly in terms of physical readiness, mental readiness, and reduction of fatigue risk. These findings emphasize the importance of good shore leave schedule management to support shipping safety.
Port Management and Coastal Of Human Resource Development
Copyright (c) 2026 Musriady, Ismail, Arifuddin Danduru, Irwansyah; Andi Dirga Noegraha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Risiko Keterlambatan Proses Perbaikan Kapal Menggunakan Metode Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
The ship repair process in shipyards is highly complex and prone to delays due to various technical, managerial, and workplace environmental factors. PT XYZ, a company engaged in ship repair, continues to experience delays in project completion, adversely affecting company performance and shipowner satisfaction. This study aims to identify the risk factors contributing to delays in ship repair processes, determine risk priorities, and develop effective mitigation strategies. The Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method was employed, with data collected through observations, interviews, and questionnaires involving relevant parties in the ship repair process. The risks were assessed based on Severity, Occurrence, and Detection ratings to calculate the Risk Priority Number (RPN), supported by risk-matrix mapping. The results show that risks were identified across five categories of ship repair work: replating, piping, painting, welding, and safety-equipment maintenance. The risks with the highest RPN values were schedule changes caused by additional work (RPN = 28.07) and damage to safety equipment resulting from the absence of routine functional testing (RPN = 22.75). The study concludes that FMEA is effective in identifying and prioritizing delay risks in ship repair processes. Implementing structured mitigation strategies is expected to minimize work delays while improving the quality and safety of ship repair activities at PT XYZ.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syiam Laksono Harmawanto, Intan Baroroh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Lifting Structural Assessment of a Working Basket Installed on a Hydraulic Workover Unit (EHR 340K)
The Hydraulic Workover Unit (HWU) is a critical piece of equipment in the oil and gas industry, widely used for well maintenance operations. One of the main components of the HWU is the working basket, which serves as a designated workspace for personnel and must be transported through a lifting process prior to installation on an offshore platform. Lifting operations involve significant risks and therefore require thorough technical analysis to ensure structural safety and reliability. This study aims to analyze the structural behavior of the working basket of the HWU EHR 340K during lifting operations. The analysis was conducted using SACS software. The results indicate that all structural members satisfy the unity check requirements with values less than one, and that the sling forces remain within the allowable capacity limits. Consequently, the proposed lifting configuration is considered safe and suitable for implementation in the lifting process of the HWU working basket.
Offshore Building Technology and Engineering
Copyright (c) 2026 Calista Maharani, Luh Putri Adnyani, Nurmawati, Muhammad Khaisar Wirawan, Indah Melati Suci, Ahmad Azwar Mas'ud, Muhammad Abdul Ghofur Al Hakim, Muhammad Iqra Prasetya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Mooring System Performance with Variations in 4,6, and 8 Point Configurations on Accommodation Work Barges
In the maritime industry, an effective mooring system is essential to ensure the stability and safety of offshore operations. A mooring system is a collection of equipment and techniques used to maintain the position and stability of a structure at sea or on an accommodation work barge. In practice, there are still various challenges and problems in the use of mooring systems on accommodation work barges. Factors such as weather conditions, sea depth, and the type of anchor used must be considered. This study will focus on analyzing the factors that affect the mooring system, analyzing the ship's RAO, and evaluating the weight of the anchor and tension wire. This study aims to produce recommendations for the best mooring system and configuration based on four types of seabed. The analysis was carried out using Ansys AQWA software and criteria set by ABS, DNV, and API. The factor that most influences the tension wire is the environmental load received by the ship (currents, waves, wind). Differences in environmental loads will also result in different tension values. In holding power analysis, mud seabeds produce the lowest holding power, while rock seabeds produce the highest holding power but are difficult to anchor. The 8 mooring system configuration is suitable for floating hotel operations because it has a good motion response, while 6 mooring is recommended for well intervention work because it is more efficient during the work process. The best anchor placement is located at 45° - 60° from the ship's centerline because it has an even load distribution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alan Nurdiansyah, Arif Fadillah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Reusing Copper Slag in the Blasting Process on the Surface Roughness of Ship Hull Plates
The blasting process in the shipping sector aims to remove dirt, rust and factory scale from the plate surface and to create roughness on the surface so that the paint layer can adhere well. In the blasting process, abrasive materials are generally used once or twice. However, in field practice, reused copper slag has been used as an abrasive material. This study aims to analyze the surface roughness level of the plate during the blasting process using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method with variations of new copper slag, reused copper slag 1 and 2 with cleanliness standards according to ISO 8501-1 SA 2.5 and the standard surface roughness level of the plate according to IMO-PSPC (Performance Standard for Protective Coatings) with a surface roughness level ranging from 35 µm – 75 µm. From the results of the data analysis, it shows that the reuse of copper slag during the blasting process, the roughness level obtained is getting smaller. Therefore, the surface roughness level of the plate that meets the IMO-PSPC standard which ranges between 35µm-75µm is copper slag reuse 2 and while the maximum limit of the surface roughness level of the plate that meets the IMO-PSPC criteria is copper slag reuse-3.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ilham Dermawan, Tri Agung Kristiyono, Bagus Kusuma Aditya, Nur Yanu Nugroho, Bagiyo Suwasono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluasi Risiko Kehilangan Energi Pada Bengkel Fabrikasi Menggunakan Metode Bayesian Network
This study aims to analyze the risk of energy loss in ship fabrication processes at PT DUMAS Shipyard Surabaya using a Bayesian Network modeling approach. Energy losses were identified across six key processes: Sandblasting, Painting, Cutting, Forming, Welding, and Lifting Equipment (cranes, hoists, and forklifts). The Bayesian method was employed to model the probabilistic relationships among causal variables, including air pressure, cooling system performance, machine idle time, equipment condition, and operator behavior, all of which contribute to potential energy loss. Risk assessment was conducted by calculating likelihood and consequence values based on the AS/NZS 4360:2004 standard to determine the level of energy-related risk in each process. The results indicate that the Welding process has the highest probability of energy loss at 0.25 and is classified as a High Risk. Cutting, Sandblasting, and Painting fall under the Moderate Risk category, while Forming and Lifting Equipment are categorized as Low Risk. Recommended mitigation strategies include implementing automatic control systems for key equipment, enhancing operator training, and optimizing pneumatic and cooling systems. The energy risk evaluation serves as a basis for improving efficiency within the fabrication processes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ridwan Efendy , Intan Baroroh, Tri Agung Kristiyono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Analysis of CPM and PERT Methods for Scheduling the Repair Process of KMP. Kormomolin
In the maritime industry, scheduling ship repair projects is an important aspect that determines operational efficiency and navigational safety. An appropriate scheduling method can help optimize project duration and manage uncertainties that may arise during project implementation. Two commonly used methods are the Critical Path Method (CPM) and the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), which apply deterministic and probabilistic approaches, respectively. This study was conducted on the repair project of KMP. Kormomolin, which had an initial planned duration of 52 days and involved 58 technical activities. The CPM method was used to identify the critical path based on fixed activity durations obtained from the repair list, while the PERT method was applied to estimate project duration using three-time estimates: optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic. The analysis was carried out using Microsoft Project and manual calculations to determine Early Finish (EF), Late Finish (LF), Total Float, and the probability of project completion. The CPM analysis showed that the project could be completed within 48 days, with a critical path consisting of activities with no slack. Meanwhile, the PERT method produced an estimated project duration of 50 days, with a completion probability of 95.82%. The CPM method provides stricter time control, whereas PERT offers greater flexibility in dealing with uncertainty. CPM is more suitable for projects with a stable work structure and clear activity sequences, while PERT is more appropriate for projects involving many variables and risks. The integration of both methods is recommended to produce more adaptive and comprehensive project planning in the ship repair industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ainun Jariah, Juswan Sade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cost Estimation for Blasting and Painting Repair Work on KMP. Kormomolin
One of the stages in the ship hull maintenance and repair process is the blasting and painting process. Parts of the ship hull that do not fulfill classification standards will be repaired to extend the ship's operational life. This study aims to estimate the material requirements and costs of blasting and painting in the ship hull repair process, so that the calculation of material requirements and repair costs can be used as a reference for ship owners in future repair activities. The methods used include data collection and repair of the KMP Kormomolin ship, as well as calculations of material usage efficiency based on the area worked on. Estimates of the requirements for each material are calculated based on the surface area of the ship and the efficiency of use per liter, then converted to cans or kilograms. The analysis results show that the main material requirements consist of copper slag as a blasting medium, as well as various types of coat such as primer, anti-corrosion (AC), anti-fouling (AF), and finishing coat. The total cost is calculated from the number of requirements multiplied by the unit price of the material. From the calculation results, it is known that the highest costs come from anti-fouling coat.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Hijrah Bahar, Taufiqur Rachman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Static Strength Analysis of a Top-Tensioned Riser in the Gendalo–Gehem Oil and Gas Field
A Top-Tensioned Riser (TTR) is a key structural component that connects subsea facilities to floating production platforms and plays an essential role in ensuring production continuity in deepwater oil and gas exploitation systems. To maintain structural integrity, a TTR must satisfy the design requirements specified in API ST 2RD, particularly with respect to its ability to withstand hydrostatic pressure, internal fluid pressure, ocean current loads, and axial forces generated by top tension. This study aims to analyze the static strength of a TTR under deepwater conditions in the Gendalo–Gehem Field using a numerical approach based on the finite element method. The environmental loads considered include hydrostatic pressure at a water depth of 1,823 m, internal operating pressure, and hydrodynamic forces induced by ocean currents. The riser model was analyzed to determine stress distribution, deformation, and safety performance, which were then evaluated against the allowable stress limits defined in API ST 2RD. The analysis results indicate that the TTR exhibits a stable structural response, with the maximum stress remaining below the material yield strength. Although the maximum stress approaches the operational stress limit under conservative loading conditions, the riser still satisfies the ultimate limit state requirement. This study provides a preliminary basis for evaluating the feasibility of TTR design for deepwater operations in Indonesia and may serve as a reference for vertical riser design in floating production facilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Gusti Ngurah Made Wirakusuma, Eva Yolanda, Nura Isyah, Naya Al Ramadhani, Muhammad Zubair Muis Alie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Paint Material Requirements and Repair Costs for the KMP Balibo Ferry
The shipping industry is a crucial sector supporting maritime transportation in Indonesia, making ship maintenance and repair a vital requirement to ensure operational safety and efficiency. Painting is a crucial aspect of repair, protecting the ship's structure from corrosion while simultaneously reducing operational costs. This study aims to analyze the paint material requirements and painting costs for the KMP. Balibo ferry using the Just In Time (JIT) approach. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the calculation of material requirements and painting costs for the ship, while also offering a more effective inventory management strategy for the Indonesian shipbuilding industry. The primary data used include ship specifications, paint coating types, and material prices from official references. The analysis method is carried out by calculating the painting area, paint volume requirements, thinner, and material cost estimates based on the Dry Film Thickness, Solid Volume, Theoretical Spreading Rate, and paint loss factors. The results show that the total paint and thinner requirements can be estimated accurately, with a total cost of Rp 310.000.000. The implementation of the Just In Time (JIT) method results in more efficient material delivery planning, reduces potential waste, and accelerates the repair process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Haslindah, Juswan Sade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Work Accident Potential Using the Hazard Analysis and Operability Study (HAZOP) Method in Bulk Cargo Loading and Unloading Processes
The bulk cargo loading and unloading process is an important part of sea and port transportation. Bulk cargo such as fertilizers, kernels, and wheat has a high risk that can endanger workers and the environment, so identification and analysis of potential hazards is needed at every stage of operation to maintain the safety and smooth loading and unloading process. This research aims to identify potential hazards that occur, provide an assessment of the risk level, and provide solutions for actions or improvements to potential risks that can occur during the process of loading and unloading fertilizer bulk cargo at Makassar Port. This research can contribute to encouraging increased compliance of Makassar Port employees to the implementation of K3 management, which not only protects personal safety, but also supports performance improvement and this research also enriches the author's knowledge through empirical experience, addition of scientific references, and the application of concepts that have been obtained during lectures. Analysis of potential occupational safety risks in the loading and unloading of bulk fertilizer cargo activities using the Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) method. To analyze it, it requires a literature study, data collection in the form of observations, interviews, and questionnaires, then identifying/formulating problems with the level of hazard/risk of work accidents, then classifying the risk matrix and providing solutions for corrective actions from the potential risk of occupational accident hazards. The analysis of the highest risk level was obtained in loading and unloading operations at the port and in the warehouse area which then became a reference for designing appropriate corrective action solutions so that the level of occupational safety risks at the Port of Makassar could be reduced, thereby creating a safer, more efficient, and productive work environment for all parties involved in bulk fertilizer cargo loading and unloading activities. The results obtained are how much potential danger is obtained, an assessment of likelihood, consequence, and severity in order to determine the level of low, medium, high, and extreme risk and provide the best solution in taking more targeted preventive measures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mustika Nur Hasanah, Juwan Sade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Squids Fishing (Stenoteuthis oualaniensis) as the Main Livelihood of Motto Village Citizens, North Lembeh, Bitung City
Squid fishing by Motto Village fishermen is a hereditary cultural fishing and has been going on for a long time. The research on squid fishing of Motto village is essential to know how squid harvested and captured. The purpose of this study was to identify squid fishing in the waters of the Motto Village. The method used in this research is a descriptive research method. The research was conducted during September - November 2021. Data was collected through observation and interviews. The results obtained that squid fishing is one day fishing in their traditional fishing ground. Fishermen in good weather do fishing operation 20-25 times of fishing trip monthly. This squid fishing activity in Motto waters is still profitable. There are two marketing flow of squid in the Motto waters. The squid is sold to market trader/factory or to traditional market. The added value product of squid of Motto needs to be suggested and implemented for their new income, this has not been done by community.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Zainul Arifin, Rudi Saranga, Samuel Hamel, Jul Manohas, Elsari T Putri, Lusje Antou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Safety Risk Analysis of LCT Type RoRo Vessel Berthing Process Using FMEA and Fuzzy FMEA Methods
The berthing process of Roll-on/Roll-off (RoRo) vessels of the Landing Craft Tank (LCT) type at Company X presents significant operational risks. This study analyzes safety risks using the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and fuzzy FMEA methods. The highest RPN values from FMEA were found in ramp door placement (RPN = 50), safety cone installation (RPN = 48), and vehicle access (RPN = 45). Fuzzy FMEA identified ramp door risk (D20) as the top priority with FPRN = 134. Risk controls were proposed using the hierarchy of controls. Data were gathered from observations, interviews, and questionnaires with nine respondents. The integrated approach provided a more objective and practical risk analysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Putri Dinul Koyyimah, Destyariani Liana Putri, Adiek Astika Clara Sudarni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Accumulation, Composition, Density, and Volume of Marine Litter on Palu Bay
Marine litter poses an increasing threat to the coastal ecosystem of Palu Bay, Indonesia, driven by contrasting land-based human activities. This study assessed the accumulation, composition, density, and volume of macro-debris (>2.5 cm) at four coastal stations representing residential, river-influenced, and tourism-dominated areas. Surveys were conducted from June to September 2025 using a line transect method. The results showed marked spatial differences in marine litter characteristics. Residential and river-influenced sites (Baiya and Mamboro Beaches) recorded the highest debris weights (4003.67–4378.22 g/m²), dominated by heavier household waste transported via river systems. In contrast, tourism areas (Taman Ria and Kampung Nelayan Beaches) exhibited lower debris weights (1697.67–1892.37 g/m²) but significantly higher item densities (14.46–17.28 items/m²) and volumes, reflecting the dominance of lightweight, single-use plastics from recreational activities. Plastic debris dominated all stations, exceeding 94% in tourism zones. These findings demonstrate a clear dichotomy in litter sources and characteristics between tourism and residential areas, underscoring the need for targeted management strategies. Effective mitigation should prioritize single-use plastic restrictions, adequate waste facilities, and visitor awareness in tourism areas, alongside improved household waste collection and riverine waste control in residential watersheds. Such source-specific approaches are essential for sustainable coastal management in Palu Bay and comparable semi-enclosed bays.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roni Hermawan, Nur Hasanah, Muhamad Saleh Nurdin, Aswad Eka Putra, Musayyadah Tis'in, Femi Riza, Septina Fifi Mangintung, Andi Heryanti Rukka; Eko Purwanto; Nurul Rizki Ramadhani, Nursalwa Nursalwa, Charlos Daniel Darae, Fitra Harry Utama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Receiver Tube Design with a Tube Length of 85 mm on COP and Electrical Power Consumption in Air Conditioning Units for Ship Accommodation Spaces
The high temperature on ships reduces crew comfort, making air conditioning essential to maintain a suitable environment. To optimize cooling and minimize energy use, this study examines the design and construction of a receiver tube aimed at reducing the compressor workload of the ship’s air conditioning (AC) system. The research employs an experimental method, testing the AC performance before and after installing a receiver tube. Parameters observed include the Coefficient of Performance (COP), electric power consumption, and electricity costs. Results show that the receiver tube with an 85 mm length variation produced the best performance. During a 60-minute test, it achieved the highest COP value of 30.8 and the lowest electric power consumption of 242 watts. Based on electricity cost calculations, the 85 mm receiver tube requires IDR 251,700 for one month of continuous operation (24 hours daily). When applied to the OKI 004 ship, the use of this receiver tube reduces AC operational costs by IDR 549,240 per month. These findings demonstrate that the receiver tube not only maintains effective cooling performance but also significantly lowers energy consumption and operating expenses. The implementation of this design contributes to efficiency in ship accommodation cooling systems, providing both economic and practical benefits for maritime operations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Urip Prayogi, Rasional Sitepu, Dwisetiono, Arif Winarno, Sutrisno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Resistance Values for Various Patrol Vessel Step Hull Geometry Variations Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
-Abstract This study investigates the effect of stepped hull geometry variations on the hydrodynamic resistance of a patrol vessel operating in Morowali waters. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to evaluate the resistance performance of an existing hull and eight stepped hull configurations at an operating speed of 30 knots. The parameters investigated include step spacing, spray strip angle, and spray strip configuration. The results demonstrate that the application of stepped hull geometry generally reduces total resistance compared to the baseline hull. The optimal configuration, Model S3 with a 1.0 m step spacing and a 60° spray angle, achieved the lowest resistance of 28,384.1 N, corresponding to a reduction of 7.34%. From an engineering perspective, this reduction is significant, as lower resistance directly contributes to improved fuel efficiency, extended operational range, and enhanced endurance of patrol vessels during maritime surveillance operations.
Design of Fishery and Ocean Building Product
Copyright (c) 2026 Fitri Hardiyanti, Agung Prasetyo Utomo, Athallah Bintang Rahagi, I Putu Arta Wibawa, Desi Tri Cahyaningati, Aang Wahidin, Miftachuddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design of a Modular Revetment Using Recycled Tires for Coastal Protection Mitigation at Amal Baru Beach, Tarakan
Costal abrasion in Tarakan City requires a protection system that is not only structurally effective but also economically feasible and implementable through community-based approaches. This study aims to design a modular revetment structure using recycled tires filled with concrete and compacted sand based on a design-based analytical approach. Wave transformation analysis at a depth of -0.52 meters indicates significant wave heights ranging from 1.19 to 1.70 meters, which serve as the primary basis for stability calculations using the Hudson formula with a conservative stability coefficient 1.25. The results show that a single concrete-filled tire unit weighs approximately 285 kg, and five units are required to form the primary armor layer with a height of 1.20 meters. To achieve the design crest elevation of +1.95 meters relative to HHWL, additional secondary protection layers and a toe protection system made of quarry stones were incorporated, resulting in a total structural height of 2.40 meters. Sensitivity analysis indicates that variations in significant wave height strongly influence the required weight of armor, whereas changes in material density produce more moderate effects. Compared with conventional stone revetments, the modular tire system offers greater flexibility, ease of installation without heavy equipment, and supports circular-economy principles through the reuse of waste tires. The implementation plan adopts a participatory appriach by engaging local fishermen and coastal communities in material collection, assembly, and maintenance activities. This study provides a sustainable, low-cost, and adaptive alternative for coastal protection that can be replicated in other shoreline areas with similar environment conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Edy Utomo, Muhammad Djaya Bakri, Azis Susanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Literature Review: Analysis of Coastal Vulnerability and Comprehensive Adaptation Strategies in Padang City, West Sumatra
Coastal areas in Indonesia, including Padang City, face increasing vulnerability due to a combination of natural processes and human activities. This literature review synthesizes findings from various studies to assess the dimensions of coastal vulnerability and adaptation strategies, with a focus on Padang City, West Sumatra. The review reveals that major issues include abrasion, seawater intrusion, tidal flooding, ecosystem degradation, and limited adaptive capacity of coastal communities. Physical vulnerability is influenced by factors such as building density, land subsidence, ecosystem degradation, and inadequate adaptive infrastructure, while socio-economic and institutional challenges include weak governance, limited funding, and low community participation. Studies in different regions demonstrate that effective adaptation requires a combination of physical engineering, ecosystem-based approaches, socio-economic diversification, and institutional integration. For Padang City, the high exposure to coastal hazards, coupled with dependence on marine-based livelihoods, underscores the urgency of comprehensive adaptation strategies. These strategies should be proactive, data-driven, and involve cross-sector collaboration, integrating coastal vulnerability assessments into urban planning, policy frameworks, and community capacity-building efforts. Without such integrated approaches, Padang faces escalating risks to its environmental sustainability, socio-economic resilience, and long-term development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Midratul Fardilla, Ilham Salsabila, Zeus Marullah Aswin, Eni Kamal, Abdul Razak, Widya Prarikeslan, Mhd. Ridha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Shoreline Change Analysis on Enggano Island Using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS): A Case Study of Kahyapu, Kaana, and Malakoni Villages
Coastal shoreline change is a dynamic process that significantly affects coastal ecosystems and human activities. This study quantitatively analyzed shoreline changes along the coast of Enggano Island, Bengkulu Province, during the period 1993–2025, focusing on Kahyapu, Kaana, and Malakoni Villages. Shoreline extraction was performed using Landsat imagery from 1993, 2009, and 2025 after radiometric and geometric corrections, employing the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) and tidal correction based on MIKE 21 modeling and bathymetric data. Shoreline change rates were calculated using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) with 2,052 transects at 10 m spacing and the parameters Net Shoreline Movement (NSM), End Point Rate (EPR), and Linear Regression Rate (LRR). The results indicate that shoreline retreat due to erosion dominates all study areas. During 1993–2009, average erosion rates ranged from −0.42 to −0.63 m/year and increased markedly during 2009–2025, reaching up to −1.26 m/year in Malakoni Village. Long-term trend analysis for 1993–2025 shows the highest erosion rate in Malakoni (−0.87 m/year), followed by Kaana (−0.56 m/year) and Kahyapu (−0.44 m/year). Accretion occurred only locally and at relatively low rates, insufficient to offset land loss. These findings confirm that the coastal areas of Enggano Island are highly vulnerable to continuous erosion and emphasize the need for integrated and sustainable coastal management strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arsyi Dafa Maulidan, Besperi, Agustin Gunawan, Khairul Amri, Gusta Gunawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of Maintenance Program and Improvement of Wire Crane Performance by Mitigating Risks in the Loading and Unloading Process of the MV. Hanglima
Wire cranes play a crucial role in the loading and unloading process on ships, especially in ports lacking land-based crane facilities. However, several problems were encountered on the MV Hanglima, including wire rope damage, overloading, and poor operational risk mitigation. This study aims to analyze wire crane maintenance, optimize its performance, and identify mitigation strategies for potential damage and accidents. The study employed a case study approach with thematic analysis, through observation, interviews, and documentation on board the MV Hanglima. The results indicate that the frequency of wire crane maintenance depends on the intensity of use and the working environment. Lifting loads exceeding safe limits can accelerate wire rope damage and reduce crane operational efficiency. Furthermore, lack of operator training, negligence in the use of personal protective equipment, and weak communication systems contribute to the increased risk of workplace accidents. Effective mitigation strategies include regular inspections, the use of load sensors, routine lubrication, and the implementation of emergency response standard operating procedures (SOPs). In conclusion, optimizing maintenance programs and integrated risk mitigation can improve wire crane performance and support the smooth and safe loading and unloading process on board.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raihan Gymnastiar Usman Usman, Supangat Supangat, Kuncowati Kuncowati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Communication Forms and SMCP English Language Standards in the Maritime World to Support International Shipping Safety at MT. Tonda Source
Effective communication and structured language standards are key elements in ensuring the safety of international shipping. This article discusses the process between ships and related parties, such as control vessels, as well as between on the high seas, with a focus on the importance of using STANDARD MARITIME COMMUNICATION PHRASES (SMCP) developed by the INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO). SMCP is designed to reduce misunderstandings in emergency and operational situations. This study explores the implementation of SMCP in various scenarios, such as port maneuvers, communication in bad weather, and emergency evacuation, using case studies and simulations. The results of the analysis indicate that obstacles such as cultural differences, accents, and training incompatibilities can affect communication effectiveness. Thus, recommendations are given to improve seafarer training and the integration of modern communication technology to support global shipping safety. The research framework is that all ship operational activities have a very important thing, especially the operation of communication and navigation equipment on board, so it is necessary to conduct an analysis in this study. One effort to improve the understanding of ship watch officers about the operation of communication and navigation equipment above is to conduct routine checks and evaluations of the training. so that the watch officers can understand the importance of safety when sailing on the high seas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arya Nabil Abyan, Supangat, Kuncowati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimalisasi Abandon The Ship Drill di atas Km.Bintan Utama Dalam Upaya Peningkatan Keselamatan Pelayaran
This study analyzes the implementation and optimization of the “Abandon the Ship Drill” aboard KM. Bintan Utama to enhance maritime safety. The research examines the effectiveness of the drill, crew readiness, procedural compliance, communication, and encountered obstacles. The study employed observation, interviews, and documentation methods. The results indicate a good level of compliance with standard operating procedures (85%) and full utilization of lifeboats (100%). However, communication barriers (30%) and inconsistencies in the use of life jackets (90%) were identified. Mental preparedness of the crew and the frequency of drills require improvement. Recommendations include enhanced training programs, improved communication exercises, and continuous evaluation to optimize maritime safety.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maulana Alghivary, Kuncowati, Nyoman Ardiana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mapping the Implementation of Maxsurf Software to Marine Vehicle Simulation
Maxsurf software is a software that can help in simulating modeling aspects, especially marine vehicles. However, the modeling is still limited to large-dimensional marine vehicles. The aim of this study was to map the potential use of Maxsurf software as a simulation tool for small marine vessels used by fishermen. The mapping was conducted by reviewing articles related to Maxsurf's use based on its modeling, resistance, and stability.The research method used is a Publish or Perish literature search and VOSviewer bibliometric analysis. Articles on the use of Maxsurf software from 2015-2025 were obtained from international journals indexed by Google Scholar and Scopus, with the main keyword Maxsurf. The search results on Publish or Perish obtained 42 articles related to the use of maxsurf on large-dimension ships. The distribution of maxsurf use is found in 42 articles with 7 articles (2022 and 2021), 6 articles (2025, 2023, and 2020), 3 articles (2018), 4 article (2024), and 1 article (2019, 2016, and 2015). The general topic studied in the research is design analysis with the most frequently used maxsurf, namely the combination of maxsurf modeller – resistance in 18 article. Research trends are visualized using VOSviewer with the relationship between research topics and keywords. There are 6 main clusters, including; cluster 1 (12); cluster 2 (5); cluster 3 (2); cluster 4 (9); cluster 5 (10); cluster 6 (11). This phenomenon shows that the distribution of topics is still low by looking at the research trend which has decreased over the past 10 years.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Ilham Ramadhani, Andie Murtono, Ahmad Dzulfikri Halimi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Risk Analysis in the Fabrication Workshop Using the Hirarc Method at PT. XYZ
In the work process, there is a potential danger from the lowest to the highest, with this prevention and control efforts can be carried out. The potential risk of danger is not only in the work process, but also in the mismanagement or operation of work tools, and the use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment). The implementation of Occupational Health and Safety (K3) is an important aspect that companies need to pay attention to in an effort to reduce various operational potentials in every production activity. Seeing the problem, this research was carried out to reduce the potential danger of fabrication workshops in cutting, welding and grinding work at PT. XYZ The purpose of this research is to identify hazards, risk assessment in accordance with ISO 45001:2018 and risk control using the HIRARC (Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, Risk Control) method. The results of this study can be known the factors that are potential hazards found 14 main factors that have the potential to cause work accidents in 6 activities, namely material removal, cutting (CNC & oxy-fuel gas), welding, grinding and housekeeping. Based on the risk level assessment in accordance with the provisions of the ISO 45001:2018 standard with a risk matrix that measures the level of severity and likelihood, the average result is in the Medium Risk category with a score range of 4-10, while some activities are in the Low Risk category, although there is no risk categorized as High Risk, the fabrication workshop requires comprehensive risk control. Risk control measures include engineering control, administrative control, the use of PPE, as well as the regulation of work ergonomic techniques to have the right control approach to reduce the risk of accidents and diseases caused by work.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Raykhan Sehatta, Akhmad Basuki Widodo Widodo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Addressing Complaints for Service Improvement: Seafarers’ Book Processing at Harbor Master Office Class II Kendari
Maritime public services play a crucial role in supporting seafarers’ mobility and ensuring navigational safety. However, technical and procedural challenges often affect service quality, particularly in the issuance of seamen’s books at the Port Authority and Harbor Master Office (KSOP) Class II Kendari. This study aims to evaluate the performance of seamen’s book services and propose strategies for service improvement. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed, with data collected from 64 respondents using a questionnaire based on the SERVQUAL dimensions. The data were analyzed using the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) to measure satisfaction levels and Fishbone Analysis to identify root causes of service problems. The findings revealed a CSI score of 86.22%, categorized as “very satisfied,” with the highest performance attributed to staff competence. Nonetheless, several service gaps were identified, including unstable digital infrastructure, a lack of information boards, limited user awareness, and inconsistent staff responsiveness. These results suggest that enhancing digital infrastructure, improving information dissemination, and providing regular staff training are crucial to achieving optimal service quality. In conclusion, the performance of KSOP Class II Kendari has generally met user expectations but requires targeted improvements to strengthen service efficiency and user satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andi Rachmianty, Arif Fuddin Usman, Andi Ulfiatun, Muslihati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Implementation of the ISPS Code on the MV Oriental Jade
The implementation of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code is a crucial effort to ensure ship security, particularly when vessels are berthed or anchored in high-risk areas. However, in practice, not all ships apply these standards optimally. This study aims to evaluate the application of the ISPS Code in watchkeeping operations aboard MV Oriental Jade, particularly after a theft incident that occurred while the vessel was anchored at Belawan Port. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach with a case study method. Data were collected through observation, interviews with ship officers, and supporting documentation. The results indicate that although the ship's watchkeeping procedures formally adhere to the ISPS Code and the STCW 1978 Amendment 2010, practical implementation remains suboptimal. Several challenges were identified, including limited personnel, crew fatigue, lack of security training, and insufficient supporting facilities such as CCTV and communication devices. Security improvement efforts onboard remain reactive and lack systematic structure. This study recommends regular training, proper supervision, and the provision of adequate supporting equipment to ensure the effective and sustainable implementation of the ISPS Code onboard.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zidan Alwi Himawan, Ari Sriantini, Nyoman Ardiana Listriyawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0