DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF CYBER EXTENSION ADOPTION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31947/aiccon2025.v1i2.47670Keywords:
Cyber Extension, agricultural extension officers, digital skills, technology adoptionAbstract
This study aims to explore the understanding, acceptance, benefits, and challenges faced by agricultural extension officers in Pangkajene and Kepulauan Regency in utilizing Cyber Extension. The research method used was interviews with 12 extension officers representing the mainland, mountainous, and island regions. The findings indicate that although the acceptance of Cyber Extension is relatively positive, significant challenges remain, particularly concerning technological infrastructure, digital skills, and resistance to shifting from conventional methods. Extension officers acknowledge the benefits of Cyber Extension in enhancing access to information, improving extension efficiency, and facilitating communication and coordination with farmers. However, challenges persist, including poor internet network quality, limited access to adequate devices, and a lack of digital skills among senior extension officers. Additionally, resistance to changing long-established traditional methods remains a barrier. Other factors affecting the successful implementation of Cyber Extension include limited policy support, budget constraints, and a lack of coordination among institutions. Overall, while Cyber Extension holds great potential for improving the effectiveness of agricultural extension services, enhancements in infrastructure, continuous training, and more supportive policies are needed to overcome these obstacles and maximize its benefits across all regions.
References
Abbasi, R., Martinez, P., & Ahmad, R. (2022). The digitization of agricultural industry – a systematic literature review on agriculture 4.0. Smart Agricultural Technology, 2(February), 100042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2022.100042
Adriyani, F. Y. (2019). Pemanfaatan Cyber Extension sebagai Media Diseminasi Inovasi Pertanian oleh Penyuluh Pertanian di Provinsi Lampung. Suluh Pembangunan : Journal of Extension and Development, 1(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.23960/jsp.v1i1.5
Ahmad, A., Liew, A. X. W., Venturini, F., Kalogeras, A., Candiani, A., Di Benedetto, G., Ajibola, S., Cartujo, P., Romero, P., Lykoudi, A., De Grandis, M. M., Xouris, C., Lo Bianco, R., Doddy, I., Elegbede, I., D’Urso Labate, G. F., García del Moral, L. F., & Martos, V. (2024). AI can empower agriculture for global food security: challenges and prospects in developing nations. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 7(April), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1328530
Antwi-Agyei, P., & Stringer, L. C. (2021). Improving the effectiveness of agricultural extension services in supporting farmers to adapt to climate change: Insights from northeastern Ghana. Climate Risk Management, 32(May 2020), 100304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100304
Apriliani, A., & Mada, U. G. (2024). Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Adopsi Cyber Extension oleh Penyuluh dalam Kegiatan Penyuluhan Pertanian Berkelanjutan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pembangunan Dan Pendidikan Vokasi Pertanian, September, 221–230.
Arowosegbe, O. B., Alomaja, O. A., & Tiamiyu, B. B. (2024). The role of agricultural extension workers in transforming agricultural supply chains : enhancing innovation , technology adoption , and ethical practices in The role of agricultural extension workers in transforming agricultural supply chains : enhancing. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, September. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.3.2962
Ayisi Nyarko, D., & Kozári, J. (2021). Information and communication technologies (ICTs) usage among agricultural extension officers and its impact on extension delivery in Ghana. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 20(3), 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2021.01.002
Bhat, P. P., R, R. P., K, A., Jadhav, A., K N, M., C M, R., & Reddy, S. L. (2024). The Role of Information and Communication Technology in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Agricultural Extension Programs Worldwide: A Review. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 30(7), 963–976. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72206
Cole, S. A., & Fernando, A. N. (2020). ‘Mobile’izing Agricultural Advice: Technology Adoption, Di ↵ usion, and Sustainability ⇤ † ‡.
Davis, K. E., & Addom, B. K. (2010). ICTs for agricultural extension.
Dayioğlu, M. A., & Türker, U. (2021). Digital transformation for sustainable future-agriculture 4.0: A review. Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(4), 373–399. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.986431
Deichmann, U., Goyal, A., & Mishra, D. (2016). Will digital technologies transform agriculture in developing countries? Agricultural Economics (United Kingdom), 47(May), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12300
Dhaka, B. L., & Chayal, K. (2010). Farmers ’ Experience with ICTs on Transfer of Technology in Changing Agri-rural Environment. Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu, 10(3), 114–118.
Fadeyi, O. A., Ariyawardana, A., & Aziz, A. A. (2022). Factors influencing technology adoption among smallholder farmers: a systematic review in Africa. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics, 123(1), 13–30. https://doi.org/10.17170/kobra-202201195569
Fadillah, M. R., Fauzi, F., Haris, M. Al, Pandiriyan, M. T., Amrullah, S., Verahma, M., Nur, R. K., Ramadhan, A. A., Alvaro, M., Widiyanti, K. D., Watur, A. C., Fabiola, G., Syaharani, N. D., Putra, S. M., Ninu, M. F., Amelia, S., & Barlian, R. (2024). Pelatihan Pertanian Modern untuk Meningkatkan Regenerasi Petani Muda di Desa Sidorejo Demak. Prosiding Seminar Nasional UNIMUS, 7, 1389–1395.
Ferroni, M., & Zhou, Y. (2012). Achievements and Challenges in Agricultural Extension in India. Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 4(3), 319–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/0974910112460435
Fonna, N. (2019). Pengembangan revolusi industri 4.0 dalam berbagai bidang. Guepedia.
Fu, X., & Akter, S. (2016). The Impact of Mobile Phone Technology on Agricultural Extension Services Delivery: Evidence from India. Journal of Development Studies, 52(11), 1561–1576. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1146700
Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82.
Guntoro, B., Qui, N. H., & Triatmojo, A. (2022). Challenges and Roles of Extension Workers on Cyber Extension as Information Media. KnE Life Sciences, 2022, 547–555. https://doi.org/10.18502/kls.v0i0.11843
Holzinger, A., Searle, G., & Wernbacher, M. (2011). The effect of previous exposure to technology on acceptance and its importance in usability and accessibility engineering. Universal Access in the Information Society, 10(3), 245–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-010-0212-x
Kabir, K. H., Hassan, F., Mukta, M. Z. N., Roy, D., Darr, D., Leggette, H., & Ullah, S. M. A. (2022). Application of the technology acceptance model to assess the use and preferences of ICTs among field-level extension officers in Bangladesh. Digital Geography and Society, 3(November 2021), 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diggeo.2022.100027
Kalle Hirvonen, Elia Machado, A. M. S. (2024). This document is discoverable and free to researchers across the globe due to the work of AgEcon Search . Help ensure our sustainability . a c t o r sI n f l u e n c i n gP r i c eo fA g r i c u l t u r a lP r o d u c t s a n dS t a b i l i t yC o u n t e. AgEcon Search, 1–26. file:///F:/Spec 2/Traffic Delay Model.pdf
Khan, R. P., Gupta, S., Daum, T., Birner, R., & Ringler, C. (2024a). Levelling the field: A review of the ICT revolution and agricultural extension in the Global South. Journal of International Development, March, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3949
Khan, R. P., Gupta, S., Daum, T., Birner, R., & Ringler, C. (2024b). Levelling the field: A review of the ICT revolution and agricultural extension in the Global South. Journal of International Development, August, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3949
Ledo, M. J. V., Ramos, A. D., & Aguilera, E. de los Á. M. (2023). Information and Communication Technologies as Healthcare Tools. Revista Cubana de Educacion Medica Superior, 37(4).
Li, B., Zhuo, N., Ji, C., & Zhu, Q. (2022). Influence of Smartphone-Based Digital Extension Service on Farmers’ Sustainable Agricultural Technology Adoption in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159639
Madaswamy, M. (2020). Digitalization of Agriculture in India: Application of IoT; Robotics and Informatics to Establish Farm Extension 4.0. Journal of Informatics and Innovative Technologies, 4(2), 23–32.
Madonna, M., Amanah, S., Sumardjo, S., & Anwas, E. O. M. (2022). Mobilization of Cyber Extension Participants to Build Household Food Security. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 8(SpecialIssue), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v8ispecialissue.2479
Marg, R., Jones, L., Hameiri, S., Cansu, E. E., Initiative, R., Maritime, C., Road, S., Çelik, A., Yaman, H., Turan, S., Kara, A., Kara, F., Zhu, B., Qu, X., Tao, Y., Zhu, Z., Dhokia, V., Nassehi, A., Newman, S. T., … Tang, S. (2018). KOMUNIKASI, PARTISIPASI, DAN KONFLIK DALAM PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT. Transcommunication, 53(1), 1–8. http://www.tfd.org.tw/opencms/english/about/background.html%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2016.06.001%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.12.055%0Ahttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.02.006%0Ahttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.04.024%0A
Masere T.P., W. S. . (2021). Influence of public agricultural extension on technology adoption by small-scale farmers in Zimbabwe. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 75(17), 399–405.
Mooventhan, P., Kadian, K. S., Senthilkumar, R., Kumaresan, A., Manimaran, A., & Karpagam, C. (2017). Dissemination of good dairy farming practices through interactive educational multimedia module- An innovative approach in farm technology transfer. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 87(3), 396–400. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v87i3.68888
Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks.
Naika, M. B. N., Kudari, M., Devi, M. S., Sadhu, D. S., & Sunagar, S. (2021). Digital extension service: quick way to deliver agricultural information to the farmers. In Food technology disruptions (pp. 285–323). Elsevier.
Nikander, J., Manninen, O., & Laajalahti, M. (2020). Requirements for cybersecurity in agricultural communication networks. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 179(September), 105776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105776
Olayemi, S. (2019). Use of ICT among smallholder farmers and extension workers and its relevance to sustainable agricultural practices in Nigeria.
Prabasini, B., Kumar, B., & Azizah, S. (2021). Comparison of agricultural extension during the covid-19 pandemic in various countries (meta-synthesis). Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 31(3), 274–282. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2021.031.03.11
Pratiwi, A., & Suzuki, A. (2017). Effects of farmers’ social networks on knowledge acquisition: lessons from agricultural training in rural Indonesia. Journal of Economic Structures, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-017-0069-8
Prayoga, K. (2018). Dampak penetrasi teknologi informasi dalam transformasi sistem penyuluhan pertanian di indonesia. JSEP, 11(1), 46–59.
Purwiyati, R., Daroini, A., Talkah, A., & ... (2020). Factors That Influence Utilization of Cyber Extension and Social Media (Facebook, WhatsApp, YouTube) in the Adoption of Innovations in Nganjuk. Prosiding …, 3, 79–85. https://proceeding.pascauniska.ac.id/index.php/prosidingseminar/article/view/32
Ratnadila, N. S., Taryoto, A. H., & Leilani, A. (2019). Pemanfaatan Media Teknologi Informasi dalam Penyelenggaraan Penyuluhan Perikanan (Kasus Penyuluh Perikanan Kabupaten Tabanan Provinsi Bali). Jurnal Penyuluhan Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 13(2), 189–204. https://doi.org/10.33378/jppik.v13i2.128
Rogers, E. M., Singhal, A., & Quinlan, M. M. (2014). Diffusion of innovations. In An integrated approach to communication theory and research (pp. 432–448). Routledge.
Sabir, S., Sugiyanto, S., Sukesi, K., & Yuliati, Y. (2018). The Performance of Agricultural Extension Workers in Utilizing Cyber Extension in Malang Raya Region. Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, 1(2), 113. https://doi.org/10.31328/jsed.v1i2.772
Sabir, S., Sugiyanto, S., Sukesi, K., & Yuliati, Y. (2019). The Strategy for Implementing Agricultural Extension Based on Cyber Extension in Malang Raya Region, Indonesia. Habitat, 30(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.habitat.2019.030.1.2
Saiz-Rubio, V., & Rovira-Más, F. (2020). From smart farming towards agriculture 5.0: A review on crop data management. Agronomy, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020207
Salsabella, I. H., Bakhtiar, A., & Ibrahim, J. T. (2024). The Role Of Agricultural Extension Workers During The Digital Transformation Period At The Agricultural Extension Center In Lowokwaru District, Malang City. Agromix, 15(2)(4098), 255–261.
Sewell, A. M., Hartnett, M. K., Gray, D. I., Blair, H. T., Kemp, P. D., Kenyon, P. R., Morris, S. T., & Wood, B. A. (2017). Using educational theory and research to refine agricultural extension: affordances and barriers for farmers’ learning and practice change. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 23(4), 313–333.
Sidharta, V., Resman Muharul Tambunan., Azwar, & Aliafia Ghaniyyu. (2021). Suatu Kajian :Pembangunan Pertanian Indonesia. KAIS Kajian Ilmu Sosial, 2(2), 229–232.
Singh, N. K., Sunitha, N. H., Tripathi, G., Saikanth, D. R. K., Sharma, A., Jose, A. E., & Mary, M. V. K. J. (2023). Impact of Digital Technologies in Agricultural Extension. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 41(9), 963–970. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2023/v41i92127
Sirajuddin, Z., & Liskawati Kamba, P. (2021). Farmer’s Perception on Information and Communication Technology Implementation in Agricultural Extension. Jurnal Penyuluhan, 17(2), 136–144.
Soma, T., & Nuckchady, B. (2021). Communicating the Benefits and Risks of Digital Agriculture Technologies: Perspectives on the Future of Digital Agricultural Education and Training. Frontiers in Communication, 6(December), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.762201
Sousa, F., Nicolay, G., & Home, R. (2016). Information technologies as a tool for agricultural extension and farmer-to-farmer exchange: Mobile-phone video use in Mali and Burkina Faso. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 12(January 2017), 19–36.
Subejo, Untari, D. W., Wati, R. I., & Mewasdinta, G. (2019). Modernization of agriculture and use of information and communication technologies by farmers in coastal Yogyakarta. Indonesian Journal of Geography, 51(3), 332–345. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.41706
Suswadi, N. C. I. (2023). Digital Transformation of Agricultural Extension in Indonesia: A Comprehensive Analysis. Agris On-Line Papers in Economics and Informatics, XV. https://doi.org/10.7160/aol.2023.150410.Introduction
Syatir. (2017). Pemanfaatancyber Extensionoleh Penyuluh Pertanian Di Kabupaten Bantaeng. Prosiding Seminar Hasil Penelitian (SNP2M) 2017, 978-602–60, 122–127.
Tzounis, A., Katsoulas, N., Bartzanas, T., & Kittas, C. (2017). Internet of Things in agriculture, recent advances and future challenges. Biosystems Engineering, 164, 31–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2017.09.007
Visser, O., Sippel, S. R., & Thiemann, L. (2021). Imprecision farming? Examining the (in)accuracy and risks of digital agriculture. Journal of Rural Studies, 86(Cc), 623–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.07.024
W.Creswell, J. (2022). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design. In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research Design. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529770278.n41
Wang, G., Lu, Q., & Capared, S. C. (2020). Social network and extension service in farmers’ agricultural technology adoption efficiency. PLoS ONE, 15(7 July), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235927
Yu, T.-K., Lin, M.-L., & Liao, Y.-K. (2017). Understanding factors influencing information communication technology adoption behavior: The moderators of information literacy and digital skills. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 196–208.