Keterpurukan Penonton Bioskop di Kota Semarang, 1979-1996
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62924/jsi.v9i1.45552Keywords:
Audience, Cinema, Public Entertainment, Semarang, TechnologyAbstract
This study examines the decline in cinema attendance in Semarang City between 1979 and 1996 in relation to social, economic, and cultural changes in urban society. The study aims to describe the conditions of Semarang society during this period and to analyze the decline in cinema attendance and the factors contributing to it. The study employed historical methods, including heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Data sources included statistics from the Central Java Statistics Agency (BPS), contemporary newspaper archives, and interviews with informants who were involved in or experienced the cinema industry firsthand in Semarang. The results show that although the number of cinemas in Semarang continued to increase from the late 1970s to the 1980s, the number of cinemagoers tended to decline. In the 1980s, the average number of cinemagoers reached around four million per year, but in the 1990s, this number dropped drastically to around four hundred thousand per year. Various factors, such as advances in audio-visual technology, the rise of television and VCDs, the high circulation of pirated VCDs, high ticket prices, and inadequate facilities at traditional cinemas, influenced this decline. Furthermore, the dominance of modern cineplexes in the distribution of imported films and the declining appeal of national films also weakened the position of local cinemas. This situation was further exacerbated by high entertainment taxes and the 1997–1998 monetary crisis, which reduced public purchasing power. As a result, several traditional cinemas in Semarang were forced to close due to continued losses. This research shows that the decline of cinemas in Semarang is the result of changes in technology, the economy, and public entertainment consumption patterns, which have transformed cinemas' role as public entertainment spaces.
References
Aditama, M. R. (2022). Bioskop dan Masyarakat Kota Palu, 1950-1998. Manaqib, 1(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.24239/manaqib.v1i1.1199.
Ardan, S. (1992). Dari Gambar Idoep ke Sinepleks. GPBSI.
Arief, C. (2019). Matinya Bioskop Lokal: Studi Kasus Bioskop Permata, Yogyakarta 1970-1990. Cakrawala Jurnal Penelitian Sosial, 8(2), 125–144. https://ejournal.uksw.edu/cakrawala/article/view/3186.
Bernas. (1992). Alternatif Lain, Pindah Lokasi. (04 Juli 1992). Bernas.
Biran, M. Y. (2009). Sejarah Film 1900-1950 ‘Bikin Film di Jawa.’ Komunitas Bambu.
Biro Pusat Statistik Jawa Tengah Tahun 1980, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997.
Cobban, J. L. (1974). Uncontrolled urban settlement: the kampong question in Semarang (1905—1940). Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, 130(4), 403–427. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27861425.
Erwantoro, H. (2014). Bioskop Keliling Peranannya Dalam Memasyarakatkan Film Nasional dari Masa Ke Masa. Patanjala: Journal of Historical and Cultural Research, 6(2), 285-300.
Fitriani, A. D. (2017). Perkembangan Bioskop Kota Semarang Tahun 1980-1998. Skripsi. Universitas Negeri Semarang.
Harian Ekonomi Neraca. (1992). Iyut Bing Slamet Prihatin. (24 Juli 1992). Harian Ekonomi Neraca.
Ibrahim, I. S. (2007). Televisi Sedang Menonton Anda: Kritik Etika dan Estetika Komoditi di Balik Budaya Televisi. Jalasutra.
Jauhari, H. (1992). Layar Perak: 90 Tahun Bioskop Di Indonesia. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Kasmadi, H., & Wiyono. (1985). Sejarah Sosial Kota Semarang 1900-1950. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia.
Kerins, M. (2011). Beyond Dolby (Stereo) Cinema in The Digital Sound Age. Indiana University Press.
Kristanto, J. (2005a). Katalog Film Indonesia 1926-2005. Nalar.
Kristanto, J. (2005b). Sepuluh Tahun Terakhir Perfilman Indonesia. Kompas.
Kurnia, N., Irawanto, B., & Rahayu. (2004). Menguak Peta Perfilman Indonesia. Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata RI.
Leertouwer, w. (1941). Semarang Als Industrieel, Commercieel en Cultureel Centrum. Administratiekantoor A. C. Van Pernis.
Lombard, D. (1996). Nusa Jawa Jilid 1: Batas-Batas Pembaratan. Gramedia.
Nugroho, G., & Herlina, S. (2015). Krisis dan Paradoks Film Indonesia. PT Kompas Media Nusantara.
Nuqul, F. (2005). Pengaruh lingkungan terhadap perilaku manusia: Studi terhadap perilaku penonton bioskop. Psikoislamika, 2(2), 20–34.
Nurudin. (2009). Pengantar Komunikasi Massa. Raja Grafindo Persada.
Panuju, R. (2021). Film dan Komunikasi Massa. Intras Publishing.
Pos Sumatera. (1910). J. Hallermann, (8 Januari 1910). Pos Sumatera
Rambey, M. (2024). Negosiasi Terhadap Ketiadaan Bioskop di Banda Aceh Selama Dua Dekade. Urban: Jurnal Seni Urban dan Industri Budaya, 8(1), 5–16. https://jurnalurban.pascasarjanaikj.ac.id/index.php/urban/article/view/111.
Reiner, G. J. (1997). Metode dan Manfaat Ilmu Sejarah. Pustaka Pelajar.
Rivers, W. L., Munandar, H., & Priatna, D. (2003). Media Massa dan masyarakat Modern. Pranada Media.
Sadilah, E., Herawati, I., & Sukari. (2011). Eksistensi Pasar Tradisional: Relasl dan Jaringan Pasar Tradlslonal di Kota Semanng-Jawa Tegah. Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Yogyakarta.
Saivana, R., Umar, M., & Abidin, Z. (2016). Perkembangan Bioskop di Kota Banda Aceh 1930-2004. JIMPS: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pendidikan Sejarah, 1(1).
Siregar, A. E. (2007). Ekonomi Politik Media, Audiens, dan Ketimpangan Informasi. Informedia.
Suara Merdeka. (1983). Bioskop Kencana Kaligawe Akan Tutup, Diduga Rugi. (22 November 1983). Suara Merdeka.
Suara Merdeka. (1984). Harga Tanda Masuk Bioskop Semarang Akan Diturunkan. (27 Juni 1984). Suara Merdeka.
Suara Merdeka. (1984). Penonton Bioskop di Jateng Turun 20 Persen Akibat Vidio. (04 Juni 1984). Suara Merdeka.
Suara Merdeka. (1985). 5 dari 24 Buah Gedung Bioskop Tak Pernah Putar Film Nasional. (12 Oktober 1985). Suara Merdeka.
Suara Merdeka. (1989). Jumlah Penonton Bioskop Turun Akibat Kaset-Kaset Vidio Gelap. (09 Januari 1989). Suara Merdeka.
Suara Merdeka. (1990). Tujuh Gedung Bioskop di Semarang Gulung Tikar. (10 Desember 1990). Suara Merdeka.
Suara Merdeka. (1993). Penutupan Bioskop GRIS Akibat Sering Merugi. (28 Desember 1993). Suara Merdeka.
Suara Merdeka. (1995). Bioskop Gelora dan Indra Ditutup. (07 Januari 1995). Suara Merdeka.
Suara Merdeka. (1996). Banyak Bioskop Gulung Tikar Karena Kurang Antisipasi. (31 Desember 1996). Suara Merdeka.
Suara Merdeka. (1996). Bioskop Tugu Indah “Dipusokan”. (13 April 1996). Suara Merdeka.
Suara Merdeka. (1996). Giliran Bioskop Tugu Indah. (12 April 1996). Suara Merdeka.
Suara Merdeka. (1997). Bioskop Gajahmada Gulung Layar Sementara. (11 Juni 1997). Suara Merdeka.
Suara Merdeka. (1998). Iklan Film di Bioskop Semarang. (03 Agustus 1998). Suara Merdeka.
Sunardi, A., Afiah, W. A., Fadlah, S. N., & Ribawati, E. (2024). Krisis Moneter 1997-1998: Akar Penyebab, Dampak Ekonomi, dan Kebijakan Penanganan di Indonesia. Sindoro: Cendekia Pendidikan, 5(6), 21-30.
Suwitri, S. (2010). Semarang Venesia dari Timur Hingga Semarang Pesona Asia: Perubahan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kota Semarang. Jurnal Aplikasi Menejemen, 8(1), 112-124. https://jurnaljam.ub.ac.id/index.php/jam/article/view/997.
Tio, J. (2002). Kota Semarang Dalem Kenangan. Sinar Indonesia.
Tjasmadi, J. (2008). 100 Tahun Sejarah Bioskop di Indonesia (1900-2000). PT Megindo Tunggal Sejahtera.
Wawancara Pribadi dengan Johannes Chistion, 27 Februari 2025
Wawancara Pribadi dengan Moch Ubab, 16 Mei 2025.
Wawancara Pribadi dengan Muhammad Ali Ridho, 3 Mei 2025.
Wawancara Pribadi dengan Tarcisius Sudarisman, 12 April 2025.
Wawancara Pribadi dengan Wahyono Gunung Mahessa, 8 Maret 2025.
Wawancara Pribadi dengan Yayuk Sri Rahayu, 12 April 2025.
Yuliati, D., & Susilowati, E. (2023). The Outstanding Value of a Cultural Heritage: The Old City of Semarang as the Center for Global Trade in Java, Indonesia in the 18th–20th Centuries. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 448, p. 01018). EDP Sciences.
Yuliati, D., Surojo, D., & Hayati, C. (1997). Industrialisasi di Semarang 1906-1930. Universitas Diponegoro.
Yuliati, D., Susilowati, E., & Suliyati, T. (2020). Riwayat Kota Lama Semarang dan Keunggulannya sebagai Warisan Dunia. Sinar Hidoep.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Luluk Maknunah Fahruddin, Bambang Rakhmanto, Ufi Saraswati
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright & License
Authors published in this journal agree to the following terms:
- The copyright of each article is retained by the author (s).
- The author grants the journal the first publication rights with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, allowing others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship and the initial publication in this journal.
- Authors may enter into separate additional contractual agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of published journal versions of the work (for example, posting them to institutional repositories or publishing them in a book), with acknowledgment of their initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (For example, in the Institutional Repository or on their website) before and during the submission process, as this can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and more extensive citations of published work.
- Articles and all related material published are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All writing in this journal is the sole responsibility of the author. Jurnal Sejarah Indonesia provides open access to anyone so that the information and findings in these articles are helpful for everyone. Jurnal Sejarah Indonesia can be accessed and downloaded for free, free of charge, following the creative commons license.
License
Jurnal Sejarah Indonesia is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
You are free to :
Share: copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
Adapt: remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Under the following terms:
Attribution: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so reasonably but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
ShareAlike: If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
No additional restrictions: You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
