Produksi dan Penilaian Biodiesel Menggunakan Chlorella vulgaris yang Dibudidayakan Dalam Air Limbah Industri Susu
Biodiesel Production Using Chlorella Vulgaris Cultivated in Industrial Dairy Wastewater
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24259/perennial.v22i2.49794Kata Kunci:
Air Limbah Susu, C. vulgaris, Biodiesel, MikroalgaAbstrak
Dalam penelitian ini, dilaporkan metode untuk memperoleh biodiesel generasi ketiga dari Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) yang dibudidayakan dalam air limbah susu. Lipid diambil dari biomassa, dan biodiesel diproduksi melalui transesterifikasi. Biodiesel dievaluasi berdasarkan standar ASTM dan EN, termasuk densitas, viskositas, nilai kalor, dan titik nyala. Kromatografi gas digunakan untuk menentukan kandungan, komposisi, dan jenis ester metil asam lemak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hasil biodiesel sebesar 93% dengan komposisi 33% jenuh, 28% tak jenuh tunggal, dan 37% tak jenuh ganda. Uji mesin dilakukan untuk memantau emisi CO, CO₂, NOx, dan asap, serta menilai kinerja biodiesel. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa C. vulgaris yang dibudidayakan dalam limbah susu dapat digunakan untuk memproduksi biodiesel generasi ketiga. Metode yang diusulkan memanfaatkan limbah air susu dan mungkin dapat menjadi pengganti yang tepat untuk produksi biodiesel dan pembuangan air limbah.
Referensi
Abreu, A.P. (2012). Mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris using dairy waste. Bioresource Technology, 108, 60–66.
Asadi, P., Rad, H. A., & Qaderi, F. (2020). Lipid and biodiesel production by cultivation isolated strain Chlorella sorokiniana pa. 91 and Chlorella vulgaris in dairy wastewater treatment plant effluents. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 18, 573-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00483-y.
Aydın, S. (2020). Comprehensive analysis of combustion, performance and emissions of power generator diesel engine fueled with different source of biodiesel blends. Energy, 205, 118074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118074.
Barman, D. K., Islam, R., Dash, G. K., Ganguli, S., Chakraborty, A. K., Kabir, M., & Sabur, M. A. (2024). Interfering effect of silicate in the quantification of phosphate by the molybdenum-blue method. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 21(6), 195-201. https://doi.org/10.3233/ajw240087.
Barsanti, L., & Gualtieri, P. (2014). Algae: anatomy, biochemistry, and biotechnology. CRC press, p 295.
Brennan, L., & Owende, P. (2010). Biofuels from microalgae—areview of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew Sust Energ Rev., 14, 557–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.009.
Chalatlon, V., Roy, M. M., Dutta, A., & Kumar, S. (2011). Jatropha oil production and an experimental investigation of its use as an alternative fuel in a DI diesel engine. Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels, 2(5), 76-85.
Chen, J., Li, J., Dong, W., Zhang, X., Tyagi, R. D., Drogui, P., & Su-rampalli, R. Y. (2018). The potential of microalgae in biodiesel production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 90, 336-346.
Chew, K. W., Chia, S. R., Show, P. L., Ling, T. C., Arya, S. S., & Chang, J. S. (2018). Food waste compost as an organic nutrient source for the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris. Bioresource technology, 267, 356-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.069.
Chisti, Y. (2007). Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol Adv., 25, 294–306.
Choudhury, P., Ray, R.N., Bandyopadhyay, T.K., Basak, B., Muthuraj, M., & Bhunia, B. (2021). Process engineering for stable power recovery from dairy wastewater using microbial fuel cell. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 46, 3171–3182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.152.
Couto, D., Melo, T., Conde, T. A., Moreira, A. S., Ferreira, P., Costa, M., & Domingues, P. (2022). Food grade extraction of Chlorella vulgaris polar lipids: A comparative lipidomic study. Food Chemistry, 375, 131685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131685.
Davoodbasha, M., Pugazhendhi, A., Kim, J. W., Lee, S. Y., & Nooruddin, T. (2021). Biodiesel production through transesterification of Chlorella vulgaris: Synthesis and characterization of CaO nanocatalyst. Fuel, 300, 121018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121018.
Demirbas, A. (2007). Progress and recent trends in biofuels. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 33(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2006.06.001.
Dey, P., Ray, S., & Newar, A. (2021). Defining a waste vegetable oil-biodiesel based diesel substitute blend fuel by response surface optimization of density and calorific value. Fuel, 283, 118978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118978.
Dongre, A., Sogani, M., Sonu, K., Syed, Z., & Sharma, G. (2020). Treatment of dairy wastewaters: evaluating microbial fuel cell tools and mechanism. In Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development, IntechOpen: Rijeka, Croatia. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93911.
dos Santos, R. R., Moreira, D. M., Kunigami, C. N., Aranda, D. A. G., & Teixeira, C. M. L. L. (2015). Comparison between several methods of total lipid extraction from Chlorella vulgaris biomass. Ultrasonics sonochemistry, 22, 95-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.05.015.
Eloka-Eboka, A. C., & Inambao, F. L. (2017). Effects of CO2 sequestration on lipid and biomass productivity in microalgal biomass production. Applied Energy, 195, 1100-1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.071.
Emaish, H., Abualnaja, K. M., Kandil, E. E., & Abdelsalam, N. R. (2021). Evaluation of the performance and gas emissions of a tractor diesel engine using blended fuel diesel and biodiesel to determine the best loading stages. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 9811. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89287-0.
Galasso, C., Gentile, A., Orefice, I., Ianora, A., Bruno, A., Noonan, D.M., Sansone, C., Albini, A., & Brunet, C., (2019). Microalgal derivatives as potential nutraceutical and food supplements for human health: A focus on cancer prevention. Nutrients, 11(6), 1226. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061226.
Giakoumis, E. G. (2013). A statistical investigation of biodiesel physical and chemical properties, and their correlation with the degree of unsaturation. Renewable Energy, 50, 858-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.07.040.
Goh, B. H. H., Ong, H. C., Cheah, M. Y., Chen, W. H., Yu, K. L., & Mahlia, T. M. I. (2019). Sustainability of direct biodiesel synthesis from microalgae biomass: A critical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 107, 59-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.012.
Gouveia, L., Batista, A. P., Miranda, A., Empis, J., & Raymundo, A. (2007). Chlorella vulgaris biomass used as colouring source in traditional butter cookies. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 8(3), 433-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2007.03.026.
Gramegna, G., Scortica, A., Scafati, V., Ferella, F., Gurrieri, L., Giovannoni, M., & Benedetti, M. (2020). Exploring the potential of microalgae in the recycling of dairy wastes. Bioresource Technology Reports, 12, 100604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100604.
Hossain, A. K., & Davies, P. A. (2010). Plant oils as fuels for compression ignition engines: A technical review and life-cycle analysis. Renewable energy, 35(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.05.009.
Hosseini Tafreshi, A., & Shariati, M. (2009). Dunaliella biotechnology: methods and applications. J Appl Microbiol, 107, 14–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04153.x.
Hu, J., Zhuang, Z., Pan, M., Han, T., Li, Y., & Liu, W. (2022). A method of the determination nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) in high-salinity water samples. Chemical Papers, 76(3), 1739-1744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-02007-w.
Katırcıoğlu Sınmaz, G., Erden, B., & Şengil, I. A. (2023). Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in alkaline condition for biodiesel feedstock after biological treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20(3), 3237-3246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04137-4.
Khalaji, M., Hosseini, S. A., Ghorbani, R., Agh, N., Rezaei, H., Kornaros, M., & Koutra, E. (2021). Treatment of dairy wastewater by microalgae Chlorella vulgaris for biofuels production. Biomass Conv. Bioref, 13, 3259–3265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01287-2.
Khan, E., Ozaltin, K., Spagnuolo, D., Bernal-Ballen, A., Piskunov, M. V., & Di Martino, A. (2023). Biodiesel from rapeseed and sunflower oil: effect of the transesterification conditions and oxidation stability. Energies, 16(2), 657. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020657.
Knothe, G. (2010). Biodiesel and renewable diesel: A comparison. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 36, 364–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2009.11.004.
Kothari, R., Prasad, R., Kumar, V., & Singh, D. (2013). Production of biodiesel from microalgae Chlamydomonas polypyrenoideum grown on dairy industry wastewater. Bioresour Technol, 144, 499– 503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.116.
Kumar, R. R., Rao, P. H., & Arumugam, M. (2014). Lipid extraction methods from microalgae: a comprehensive review. Front Energy Res, 2, 61–69. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2014.00061.
Lapuerta, M., Armas, O., & Rodríguez-Fernández, J. (2008). Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 34, 198–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2007.07.001.
Machado, A., Pereira, H., Costa, M., Santos, T., Carvalho, B., Soares, M., ... & Silva, J. (2020). Development of an organic culture medium for autotrophic production of Chlorella vulgaris biomass. Applied Sciences, 10(6), 2156. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10062156.
Martins, C. F., Pestana, J. M., Alfaia, C. M., Costa, M., Ribeiro, D. M., Coelho, D., & Prates, J. A. (2021). Effects of Chlorella vul-garis as a feed ingredient on the quality and nutritional value of weaned piglets’ meat. Foods, 10(6), 1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061155.
Mata, T. M., Martins, A. A., & Caetano, N. S. (2010). Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: a review. Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(1), 217-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.020.
Nabi, M. N., Rahman, M. M., & Akhter, M. S. (2009). Biodiesel from cotton seed oil and its effect on engine performance and exhaust emissions. Applied thermal engineering, 29(11-12), 2265-2270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.11.009.
Nguyen, T. D. P., Nguyen, D. H., Lim, J. W., Chang, C. K., Leong, H. Y., Tran, T. N. T., ... & Show, P. L. (2019). Investigation of the relationship between bacteria growth and lipid production cultivating of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris in seafood wastewater. Energies, 12(12), 2282. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122282.
Peter, A. P., Chew, K. W., Koyande, A. K., Yuk-Heng, S., Ting, H. Y., Rajendran, S., ... & Show, P. L. (2021). Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris on dairy waste using vision imaging for biomass growth monitoring. Bioresource technology, 341, 125892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125892.
Raghunath, B. V., Punnagaiarasi, A., Rajarajan, G., Irshad, A., Elango, A., & Mahesh Kumar, G. (2016). Impact of dairy effluent on environment—a review. Integrated Waste Management in India: Status and Future Prospects for Environmental Sustainability, 239-249. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27228-3_22.
Rakopoulos, C. D., Antonopoulos, K. A., Rakopoulos, D. C., Hountalas, D. T., & Giakoumis, E. G. (2006). Comparative performance and emissions study of a direct injection diesel engine using blends of diesel fuel with vegetable oils or bio-diesels of various origins. Energy conversion and management, 47(18-19), 3272-3287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2006.01.006.
Ratomski, P., & Hawrot-Paw, M. (2021). Influence of nutrient-stress conditions on Chlorella vulgaris biomass production and lipid content. Catalysts, 11(5), 573. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11050573.
Lee, R. A., & Lavoie, J-M. (2013). From first- to third-generation biofuels: Challenges of producing a commodity from a biomass of increasing complexity. Animal Frontiers, 3(2), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.2527/af.2013-0010.
Roosta, A., & Bardool, R. (2019). A predictive correlation for dynamic viscosity of fatty acid methyl esters and biodiesel. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 96(7), 741-750. https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.12243.
Santos, S. M., Nascimento, D. C., Costa, M. C., Neto, A. M., & Fregolente, L. V. (2020). Flash point prediction: Reviewing empirical models for hydrocarbons, petroleum fraction, biodiesel, and blends. Fuel, 263, 116375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116375.
Scarponi, P., Izzo, F. C., Bravi, M., & Cavinato, C. (2021). C. vulgaris growth batch tests using winery waste digestate as promising raw material for biodiesel and stearin production. Waste Management, 136, 266-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.10.014.
Sharma, A., Kodgire, P., & Kachhwaha, S. S. (2020). Investigation of ultrasound-assisted KOH and CaO catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from waste cotton-seed cooking oil: Process optimization and conversion rate evaluation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 259, 120982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120982.
Silva, C. K. D., Almeida, A. C. A. D., Costa, J. A. V., & Morais, M. G. D. (2018). Cyanobacterial biomass by reuse of wastewater-containing hypochlorite. Ind Biotechnol, 14, 265–269. https://doi.org/10.1089/ind.2018.0014.
Tao, R., Kinnunen, V., Praveenkumar, R., Lakaniemi, A-M., & Rintala, J. A. (2017). Comparison of Scenedesmus acuminatus and Chlorella vulgaris cultivation in liquid digestates from anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper industry and municipal wastewater treatment sludge. J Appl Phycol 29, 2845–2856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1175-6.
Tesfa, B., Mishra, R., Gu, F., & Powles, N. (2010). Prediction models for density and viscosity of biodiesel and their effects on fuel supply system in CI engines. Renewable energy, 35(12), 2752-2760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2010.04.026.
Utomo, W. P., Wu, H., & Ng, Y. H. (2022). Quantification methodology of ammonia produced from electrocatalytic and photocatalytic nitrogen/nitrate reduction. Energies, 16(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010027.
Verevkin, S. P., Pimerzin, A. A., Glotov, A. P., & Vutolkina, A. V. (2022). Biofuels energetics: Measurements and evaluation of calorific values of triglycerides. Fuel, 326, 125101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125101.
Wang, L., Min, M., Li, Y., Chen, P., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., & Ruan, R. (2010). Cultivation of green algae Chlorella sp. in different wastewaters from municipal wastewater treatment plant. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 162, 1174–1186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-009-8866-7.
Xue, J., Grift, T.E., Hansen, A.C. (2011). Effect of biodiesel on engine performances and emissions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 1098–1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.016.
You, X., Yang, L., Zhou, X., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Sustainability and carbon neutrality trends for microalgae-based wastewater treatment: A review. Environmental Research, 209, 112860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.112860.
Zhang, K., Sun, B., She, X., Zhao, F., Cao, Y., Ren, D., & Lu, J. (2014). Lipid production and composition of fatty acids in Chlorella vulgaris cultured using different methods: photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and pure and mixed conditions. Annals of microbiology, 64(3), 1239-1246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-013-0766-y.
