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Abstract
Latar Belakang: Tuberkulosis (TB) hingga saat ini masih menjadi masalah di Indonesia. Analisis epidemiologi pada tingkat layanan primer diperlukan untuk memahami distribusi kasus secara mikro dan mendukung pengendalian berbasis wilayah. Tujuan: Mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis pola distribusi kasus tuberkulosis berdasarkan variabel orang, tempat, dan waktu sebagai bagian dari kajian epidemiologi deskriptif di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Air Salobar, Kota Ambon pada tahun 2022–2024. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi deskriptif kuantitatif dengan pendekatan retrospektif menggunakan data sekunder dari register TB dan Sistem Informasi Tuberkulosis (SITB) periode 2022–2024. Populasi sekaligus sampel adalah penderita TB tercatat selama periode penelitian (n=289) dengan teknik total sampling. Analisis univariat dilakukan untuk menggambarkan karakteristik epidemiologi kasus berdasarkan orang, waktu, dan tempat, dengan penyajian dalam bentuk distribusi frekuensi, persentase, serta interval kepercayaan 95% pada proporsi utama. Hasil: Sebanyak 289 kasus TB tercatat selama periode 2022–2024. Jumlah kasus meningkat dari 75 kasus (2022) menjadi 83 kasus (2023) dan 131 kasus (2024). Pada tahun 2024 terjadi pergeseran proporsi tertinggi ke kelompok usia 0–15 tahun sebesar 36,6% (95% CI: 28,4–44,9), meningkat dibandingkan tahun 2022 sebesar 18,7% (95% CI: 9,8–27,5). Secara keseluruhan, dominan kasus pada laki-laki (54%) dan kelompok tidak bekerja (51%). Kelurahan Kudamati secara konsisten menyumbang proporsi kasus tertinggi selama tiga tahun pengamatan. Kesimpulan: Distribusi kasus tuberkulosis di Puskesmas Air Salobar menunjukkan tren peningkatan disertai pergeseran proporsi ke kelompok usia anak pada tahun 2024 serta konsentrasi spasial pada wilayah tertentu. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya penguatan skrining aktif dan pelacakan kontak serumah dalam pengendalian TB di tingkat layanan primer.
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References
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References
Mathofani, P. E. & Febriyanti, R. Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Penyakit Tuberkulosis (TB) Paru di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Serang Kota Tahun 2019. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2020;12(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.52022/jikm.v12i1.53
World Health Organization (WHO). Global Tuberculosis Report 2024. https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024
Abdulkareem, F. N., Merza, M. A. & Salih, A. M. First Insight into Latent Tuberculosis Infection Among Household Contacts of Tuberculosis Patients in Duhok, Iraqi Kurdistan: Using Tuberculin Skin Test and QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus Test. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020;96:97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.067
Jaucian, M. S., et al. Evaluation of the Risk Assessment Questionnaire for Childhood Tuberculosis (RAQCT) in Detection of Latent TB Infection among School-Aged Children. Chest Journal. 2022;161(6):A504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2022.04.038
Main, S. et al. The Prevalence and Risk Factors for Tuberculosis among Healthcare Workers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. PLoS One. 2023;18:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279215
Lawalata, I. V. & Talarima, B. Risk Factors for Child Tuberculosis in Ambon City in 2019. Journal La Medihealtico. 2020;1(3):1-8.
Martins-Melo, F. R. et al. The Burden of Tuberculosis and Attributable Risk Factors in Brazil, 1990–2017: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Population Health Metrics. 2020;18(1):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-020-00203-6
Finlay, A. et al. Patient-And Provider-Level Risk Factors Associated with Default from Tuberculosis Treatment, South Africa, 2002: A Case-Control Study. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-56
Yang, W.-T. et al. Barriers and Delays in Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment Services: Does Gender Matter?. Tuberculosis Research and Treatment. 2014;1:461935. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/461935
Versitaria, H. U. & Kusnoputranto, H. Tuberkulosis Paru di Palembang, Sumatera Selatan. Kesmas, Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional. 2011;5(5):234-240. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/39507-ID-tuberkulosis-paru-di-palembang-sumatera-selatan.pdf
Chiu, T. F. et al. Determinants of Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Treatment Interruption in Long-Term Care Facilities: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Taiwan. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection. 2022;55(6):1310–1317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2021.09.013
Wada, P. Y. et al. Possible Sex Differences in Latent Tuberculosis Infection Risk Among Close Tuberculosis Contacts. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2022;122:685–692. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35843494/
Aksornchindarat, W. et al. T-SPOT®.TB Test and Clinical Risk Scoring for Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection Among Thai Healthcare Workers. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection. 2021;54(2):305-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2019.04.013
Hapipah, H., et al. Edukasi Etika Batuk yang Benar Sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Penyakit TB Paru di Dusun Aik Nyet Lombok Barat. Jurnal Abdimas Kesehatan Perintis. 2021;2(2):17-21. https://jurnal.upertis.ac.id/index.php/JAKP/article/view/534
Kemenkes RI. Strategi Nasional Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis di Indonesia 2020-2024. Jakarta:2021. https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/567
Bea, S. et al. Adherence and Associated Factors of Treatment Regimen in Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis Patients. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021;12:625078. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.625078
Yadav, R. K. et al. Health Related Quality of Life and Associated Factors with Medication Adherence Among Tuberculosis Patients in Selected Districts of Gandaki Province of Nepal. Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases. 2021;23:100235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100235
Du, J. et al. LTBI-Negative Close Contacts of Tuberculosis Are More Likely to Develop the Disease: Enlightenment and Lessons from A Cluster Outbreak. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1136355