Research involving human participants, human data, or animal model must comply with recognized ethical standards. Authors must provide:

• The name of the institutional ethics committee approving the study
• The approval number
• Confirmation that informed consent was obtained from participants (or guardians where applicable)

If ethical approval was not required, authors must provide a justification in the manuscript.

For studies involving secondary datasets, authors should confirm that the data were obtained and used in accordance with ethical and legal requirements.