Volume 1 No. 3 Juli - September 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction: C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase protein and a marker of inflammation,
has been associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease. CRP has also been suggested to
be abnormal among migraineurs, possibly due to repeated vascular inflammation. Methods:
This case-control study was conducted in Wahidin Sudirohusodo General Hospital, Makassar,
Indonesia, from June 2013 to January 2014. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of
inflammation in the pathophysiology of an ictal and interictal period of migraine.  A t otal  of  82
patients participated in this study [16 males (19.5%) and 66 females (80.5%)]. The age of ictal
period patients range between 19-57 years old (median 28, mean 29.54 ± 8.92) and interictal
period patients range between 20-48 years (median 26, 28,90 ± 7,91). Results: This study
showed mean hs-CRP level was significantly higher in the ictal period compared to interictal
period of migraine (6.64 vs 1.87 mg/L). hs-CRP >3mg/L (high risk of cardiovascular event) was
more common in ictal (78.3%) compared to interictal patients (21,7%), while hs-CRP <1mg/L
(low risk of cardiovascular event) was more common in interictal (64.9%) compared to ictal
period patients (35.1%) (OR=6.646). The contribution of hs-CRP to the ictal period of a migraine

was 17.2%. Conclusion: This study reinforces the view that inflammation process
plays some roles in the pathophysiology of a migraine, especially in the ictal period.

Keywords: hs-CRP, migraine, ictal.

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease as a result of interaction between ge- netic and environmental factors such as hormonal, infection, chemical material, and radiation. Until now, it took as the most occurred of cancer in women, which have the highest mortality in the world. However, its cause still unknown. According to epidemiologic and clinical - laboratory studies, it was found that there are many risk factors which have important roles in female breast cancer like menarche, menopause, endogenous and exogenous hormones, family his- tory (genetics), parity, lactation, obesity, physical activity, diet, alcohol, smoking, environmental factors and history of biopsy and breast examination. The aims of this study to evaluate and compare the clinicopathological features in the four breast cancer subtypes defined by immu- nohistochemistry expression of ER, PR, and HER-2: ER/PR+, HER-2+ (Luminal B); ER/ PR+,HER-2- (Luminal A); ER/PR-, HER-2+ (HER-2 type) and ER-/PR-, HER-2- (Triple nega- tive) type. Methods: This study was a retrospective study of 89 invasive breast cancer. Clini- cal and pathologic features of the four subtypes were compared. Results: ER/PR+, HER2+; ER/PR+, HER2-; ER/PR-, HER2+; and ER/PR-,HER2- types were 10 (11.2%), 35 (39.3%), 27 (30.3%), and 17 (19.1%) samples. Subjects with ER/PR-, HER2- where are likely to be younger (p<0.001). In tumor subtypes with HER2+, the number of subjects with poorly differentiated was larger than the total number of well and moderate differentiated (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference of metastatic to lymph node status in all subtypes. Conclusion: Subtype luminal A of breast cancer have a high number than other subtypes. There was a correlation between overexpression of HER-2 with poorly differentiated of breast cancer but not with a metastatic capability of tumor cells to lymph nodes.

Keywords : Luminal A, Luminal B, Her-2 type, Triple negative, breast cancer

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Stroke is a leading cause of disability in the elderly, and the second leading cause of the death worldwide. This study aims to analyze the role of risk factors for diabe- tes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, and smoking in hypertensive patients who suffer an acute ischemic  stroke.  Methods:  This study used a case-control  design  in hypertensive pa- tients who suffered  an acute ischemic  stroke as the case group,  and hypertensive pa- tients without ischemic stroke as a control group. The samples were selected  using the consecutive  technique based on some inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed statistically with the Chi-Square  test. The test results were considered  significant if p <0.05. Further- more,  logistic regression  analysis was performed  to find out the strength of the relation- ship with the odds ratio (OR). Layer analysis  also conducted  to validate the strength of dyslipidemia  and smoking.  Results:   Among these three risk factors,  diabetes  had the most significant  role (p <0.001) and it had 7-15 times stronger   (Exp (B) 7.023; 95% CI

3.205-15.394) to cause  acute  ischemic  stroke  in hypertensive subjects,  compared  to dyslipidemia  and smoking.  Conclusion:  The results  of the research  indicated  that all three of these risk factors  play a role in causing  acute ischemic  stroke in hypertensive subjects compared to the control.

Keywords: diabetes mellitus,dislipidemia, smoking,  acute ischemic stroke, hypertensive subjects