Commuting Patterns and Health Problems of Commuters in Regional Tourist Destination (Case Study in Denpasar Greater Area)
Abstract
Commuting has become a global phenomenon in various metropolitan cities in the world, including Denpasar. Denpasar is the center of tourist destinations for Indonesian and foreign tourists. This condition makes Denpasar a business and economic center for residents in the surrounding area. Conditions have encouraged an increasing number of commuter workers in Denpasar from sub-urban areas. The people are facing several problems such as traffic, air, noise, thermal pollution, and long duration of commuting. This study aims to analyze the relationship between commuting patterns and health problems among workers in Denpasar metropolitan areas in Indonesia. This study analyzed by using secondary data of the Sarbagita (Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, and Tabanan) Commuter Survey 2015 from CBS Indonesia. Sample study: commuter workers aged 15-65 years with inclusion criteria are commuters passive commuting with all types of transportation except bicycles/walking. The sampling method used two stages of cluster sampling. The final sample was 652 persons. Statistical analysis used binary logistic regression. The study shows that around one-third of commuters have commuting-related health problems. Health problems are more perceived by formal workers, low incomes, and low-educated. This study shows that distance and transportation mode had correlated with health problems (OR=1.71). Motorcycle and private car users have more health problems than public transportation (OR=2.49; OR=3.13). The impact of commuting for com-muter health can be minimized by providing public transportation that is fast, safe, comfortable, and inexpensive. Local government must encourage the use of public transportation for commuters through campaigns from a public health perspective.
References
1. BPS. Statistik Mobilitas Penduduk dan Tenaga Kerja 2015 (Labor and Population Mobility Statistic 2015). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik; 2015.
2. Urhonen T, Lie A, Aamodt G. Associations between Long Commutes and Subjective Health Complaints among Railway Workers in Norway. Preventive Medicine Reports. 2016;4:490–495.
3. Van Schalkwyk MCI, Mindell JS. Current Issues in The Impacts of Transport on Health. British Medical Bulletin. 2018; 125(1):67–77.
4. Mattisson K, Jakobsson K, Håkansson C, Cromley E, Mattisson K, Håkansson C, et al. Spatial Heterogeneity in Repeated Mea-sures of Perceived Stress among Car Commuters in Scania, Sweden. International Journal of Health Geographics. 2016; 15(22):1-14.
5. Zhu Z, Li Z, Chen H, Liu Y, Zeng J. Subjective Well-being in China: How Much does Commuting Matter? Transportation. 2019; 46(4):1505–1524.
6. Mattisson K, Håkansson C, Jakobsson K. Relationships Between Commuting and So-cial Capital Among Men and Women in Southern Sweden. Environment and Beha-vior. 2015;47(7):734–753.
7. Lorenz O. Does Commuting Matter to Subjective Well-being?. Journal of Transport Geography. 2018;66:180–199.
8. Künn-Nelen A. Does Commuting Affect Health?. Health Economics. 2015;25(8):984-1004.
9. Chatterjee K, Chng S, Clark B, Davis A, De Vos J, Ettema D, et al. Commuting and Wellbeing: a Critical Overview of The Literature with Implications for Policy and Future Re-search. Transport Reviews. 2020; 40(1):5–34.
10. Sha F, Li B, Law YW, Yip PSF. Associations between Commuting and Well-being in the Context of a Compact City with a Well-Developed Public Transport System. Journal of Transport & Health. 2019;13:103–114.
11. Nie, Peng; Sousa-Poza, Alfonso. Commute Time and Subjective Well-Being in Urban China. [Hohenheim Discussion Papers in Business, Economics and Social Sciences, No. 09-2015]. Stuttgart; 2015.
12. White E. Commuting and Individual Well-Being in London. London; 2015.
13. Karsi E. Commute Lengths : a Study of Women in the United States and Great Britain. University of Southern California; 2008.
14. Fuller TD, Tech V. Relationship Status, Health, and Health Behavior: an Exa-mination of Cohabiters and Commuters. Sociological Perspectives. 2010;53(2):221–245.
15. Roberts J, Hodgson R, Dolan P. “It’s Driving Her Mad”: Gender Differences in the Effects of Commuting on Psychological Health. Journal of Health Economics. 2011;30(5): 1064–1076.
16. Murdaningsih D. Biaya Transportasi di Indonesia Masih Tinggi. [News]. Republika; 2013.
17. Oxley J, Yuen J, Ravi MD, Hoareau E, Azman M, Mohammed A, et al. Commuter Motorcycle Crashes in Malaysia : an Understanding of Contributing Factors. In: 57th AAAM Annual Conference Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine. 2013:45–54.
18. Mahmudin NDM. Transfer Effects and Permeable Boundaries : an Empirical Study of The Effects of Commuting Stress on Employees’ Work and Life. Southeast Asia Psychology Journal. 2012;1:1–9.
19. Van Soest D, Tight MR, Rogers CDF. Exploring the Distances People Walk to Access Public Transport. Transport Reviews. 2020;40(2):160–182.
20. Sari NP, Dan G, Provinsi T, Putrawan IW, Sari P. Mobilitas Non Permanen Menjadi Pilihan Sebagian Pekerja dalam Meng-hadapi Himpitan Ekonomi di Wilayah Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar dan Tabanan Provinsi Bali 2014. Piramida. 2015;XI(2): 59–67.
2. Urhonen T, Lie A, Aamodt G. Associations between Long Commutes and Subjective Health Complaints among Railway Workers in Norway. Preventive Medicine Reports. 2016;4:490–495.
3. Van Schalkwyk MCI, Mindell JS. Current Issues in The Impacts of Transport on Health. British Medical Bulletin. 2018; 125(1):67–77.
4. Mattisson K, Jakobsson K, Håkansson C, Cromley E, Mattisson K, Håkansson C, et al. Spatial Heterogeneity in Repeated Mea-sures of Perceived Stress among Car Commuters in Scania, Sweden. International Journal of Health Geographics. 2016; 15(22):1-14.
5. Zhu Z, Li Z, Chen H, Liu Y, Zeng J. Subjective Well-being in China: How Much does Commuting Matter? Transportation. 2019; 46(4):1505–1524.
6. Mattisson K, Håkansson C, Jakobsson K. Relationships Between Commuting and So-cial Capital Among Men and Women in Southern Sweden. Environment and Beha-vior. 2015;47(7):734–753.
7. Lorenz O. Does Commuting Matter to Subjective Well-being?. Journal of Transport Geography. 2018;66:180–199.
8. Künn-Nelen A. Does Commuting Affect Health?. Health Economics. 2015;25(8):984-1004.
9. Chatterjee K, Chng S, Clark B, Davis A, De Vos J, Ettema D, et al. Commuting and Wellbeing: a Critical Overview of The Literature with Implications for Policy and Future Re-search. Transport Reviews. 2020; 40(1):5–34.
10. Sha F, Li B, Law YW, Yip PSF. Associations between Commuting and Well-being in the Context of a Compact City with a Well-Developed Public Transport System. Journal of Transport & Health. 2019;13:103–114.
11. Nie, Peng; Sousa-Poza, Alfonso. Commute Time and Subjective Well-Being in Urban China. [Hohenheim Discussion Papers in Business, Economics and Social Sciences, No. 09-2015]. Stuttgart; 2015.
12. White E. Commuting and Individual Well-Being in London. London; 2015.
13. Karsi E. Commute Lengths : a Study of Women in the United States and Great Britain. University of Southern California; 2008.
14. Fuller TD, Tech V. Relationship Status, Health, and Health Behavior: an Exa-mination of Cohabiters and Commuters. Sociological Perspectives. 2010;53(2):221–245.
15. Roberts J, Hodgson R, Dolan P. “It’s Driving Her Mad”: Gender Differences in the Effects of Commuting on Psychological Health. Journal of Health Economics. 2011;30(5): 1064–1076.
16. Murdaningsih D. Biaya Transportasi di Indonesia Masih Tinggi. [News]. Republika; 2013.
17. Oxley J, Yuen J, Ravi MD, Hoareau E, Azman M, Mohammed A, et al. Commuter Motorcycle Crashes in Malaysia : an Understanding of Contributing Factors. In: 57th AAAM Annual Conference Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine. 2013:45–54.
18. Mahmudin NDM. Transfer Effects and Permeable Boundaries : an Empirical Study of The Effects of Commuting Stress on Employees’ Work and Life. Southeast Asia Psychology Journal. 2012;1:1–9.
19. Van Soest D, Tight MR, Rogers CDF. Exploring the Distances People Walk to Access Public Transport. Transport Reviews. 2020;40(2):160–182.
20. Sari NP, Dan G, Provinsi T, Putrawan IW, Sari P. Mobilitas Non Permanen Menjadi Pilihan Sebagian Pekerja dalam Meng-hadapi Himpitan Ekonomi di Wilayah Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar dan Tabanan Provinsi Bali 2014. Piramida. 2015;XI(2): 59–67.
Authors
Herdayati, M., & Eryando, T. (2020). Commuting Patterns and Health Problems of Commuters in Regional Tourist Destination (Case Study in Denpasar Greater Area). Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 16(3), 346-354. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v16i3.9764
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.