The Potential of Rosuvastatin in Stabilizing Lipid Profile and Improving Clinical Outcomes in Covid-19 Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

Authors

  • William Suciangto Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University
  • Haerani Rasyid Nephrology and Hypertension Division, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University
  • Nada Indira Ramadhani Nasrum Medical Faculty Hasanuddin University
  • Muhammad Zaki Rahmani Medical Faculty Hasanuddin University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20956/nmsj.v6i1.12243

Abstract

Introduction : The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), remains a global challenge since December 2019 cause by its severe symptoms and high mortality rate. Some comorbidities are associated with clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients, one of them is cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease (CHD). Statins are popularly used as the lipid controller in CHD patients. Not only controlling the lipid profile, statins also can reduce the inflammation process in COVID-19 patients. This review aims to determine the activity of statins and its potential to improve the clinical manifestation of COVID-19 patients with CHD. Methods : The method used in this paper is to examine and review the literature journal that has been published last 10 years. Results : Recent studies have shown that statins capable to control the lipid, also lowering the LDL cholesterol and increasing the HDL cholesterol. And other trials have shown that statin also have ability to reduce the inflammation and inhibit further cell damage by binding mpro, a protease produced by SARS-COV2. Conclusions:  Based on those studies, we conclude that statins have the potential effect as adjuvant therapy for clinical improvement in COVID-19 patients with CHD.

References

Lotfi M, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N. COVID-19: Transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic opportunities. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;508:254-266. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.044

Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Marinkovic A, Patidar R, Younis K, Desai P, et al. Comorbidity and its Impact on Patients with COVID-19. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020;2(8):1069–76.

Bajgain KT, Badal S, Bajgain BB, Santana MJ. Prevalence of comorbidities among individuals with COVID-19: A rapid review of current literature [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jul 10]. Am J Infect Control. 2020;S0196-6553(20)30637-4. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.213

Usman S, Budi S, Nur Adkhana Sari D. Pengetahuan Dan Sikap Mahasiswa Kesehatan Tentang Pencegahan Covid-19 Di Indonesia. / J Ilmu Keperawatan dan Kebidanan [Internet]. 2020;11(2):410–4. Available from: Pengetahuan Dan Sikap Mahasiswa Kesehatan Tentang Pencegahan Covid-19 Di Indonesia

Diao B, Wang C, Tan Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Ning L, et al. Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Front Immunol. 2020;11(May):1–7.

Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, Cao Y, Huang D, Wang H, et al. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(5):2620–9.

Mitevska I, Poposka L. Coronavirus Disease-19 and Cardiovascular Disease. 2020;8(December 2019):39–44.

Borén J, John Chapman M, Krauss RM, Packard CJ, Bentzon JF, Binder CJ, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(24):2313–30.

Hasanah DY, Nauli SE, Prima Putri VK, Arifianto H, Suryana NM, Suryani LD, et al. Gangguan Kardiovaskular pada infeksi COVID 19. Indones J Cardiol. 2020;41(2):59–68.

Arnold S V., Bhatt DL, Barsness GW, Beatty AL, Deedwania PC, Inzucchi SE, et al. Clinical Management of Stable Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;E779–806.

Alijotas-Reig J, Esteve-Valverde E, Belizna C, et al. Immunomodulatory therapy for the management of severe COVID-19. Beyond the anti-viral therapy: A comprehensive review. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(7):102569. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102569

Reiner Ž, Hatamipour M, Banach M, Pirro M, Al-Rasadi K, Jamialahmadi T, et al. Statins and the Covid-19 main protease: In silico evidence on direct interaction. Arch Med Sci. 2020;16(2):490–6.

Susilo A, Rumende CM, Pitoyo CW, Santoso WD, Yulianti M, Herikurniawan H, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019: Tinjauan Literatur Terkini. J Penyakit Dalam Indones. 2020;7(1):45.

Dhir SK, Verma D, Batta M, Mishra D. E-learning in medical education in India. Indian Pediatr. 2017;54(10):871–7.

Soy M, Keser G, Atagündüz P, Tabak F, Atagündüz I, Kayhan S. Cytokine storm in COVID-19: pathogenesis and overview of anti-inflammatory agents used in treatment. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39(7):2085–94.

Willim HA, Ketaren I, Supit AI. Dampak Coronavirus Disease 2019 terhadap Sistem Kardiovaskular. e-CliniC [Internet]. 2020;8(28):237–45. Available from: https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/eclinic

Setiati S, Harimurti K, Safitri ED, Ranakusuma RW, Saldi SRF, Azwar MK, et al. Risk factors and laboratory test results associated with severe illness and mortality in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review. Acta Med Indones. 2020;52(3):227–45.

Nishiga M, Wang DW, Han Y, Lewis DB, Wu JC. COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: from basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives. Nat Rev Cardiol [Internet]. 2020;17(9):543–58. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-0413-9

Ference BA, Ginsberg HN, Graham I, Ray KK, Packard CJ, Bruckert E, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement fromthe European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(32):2459–72.

Anneke R, Sulistiyaningsih. Review: Terapi Herbal sebagai Alternatif Pengobatan Dislipidemia. Farmaka. 2018;16:213–21.

Barter PJ, Brandrup-Wognsen G, Palmer MK, Nicholls SJ. Effect of statins on HDL-C: A complex process unrelated to changes in LDL-C: Analysis of the VOYAGER database. J Lipid Res. 2010;51(6):1546–53.

Dashti-Khavidaki S, Khalili H. Considerations for Statin Therapy in Patients with COVID-19. Pharmacotherapy. 2020;40(5):484–6.

S. Antonopoulos A, Margaritis M, Lee R, Channon K, Antoniades C. Statins as Anti-Inflammatory Agents in Atherogenesis: Molecular Mechanisms and Lessons from the Recent Clinical Trials. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18(11):1519–30.

Rasmussen SA, Smulian JC, Lednicky JA, Wen TS, Jamieson DJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: what obstetricians need to know. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020 May;222(5):415-426.

Fedson DS. What treating Ebola means for pandemic influenza. J Public Health Policy [Internet]. 2018;39(3):268–82. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-018-0138-8

Altun. Effect of Statins on Endotheliumial Function in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Prospective Study Using Adhesion Molecules and Flow-Mediated Dilatation. J Clin Med Res. 2014;6(5):354–61.

Castiglione V, Chiriacò M, Emdin M, Taddei S, Vergaro G. Statin therapy in COVID-19 infection. Eur Hear journal Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2020;6(4):258–9.

Zhang XJ, Qin JJ, Cheng X, Shen L, Zhao YC, Yuan Y, et al. In-Hospital Use of Statins Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Mortality among Individuals with COVID-19. Cell Metab [Internet]. 2020;32(2):176-187.e4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.015

Jeong YJ, Kim H, Baik SJ, Kim TM, Yang SJ, Lee SH, et al. Analysis and comparison of the cost-effectiveness of statins according to the baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in Korea. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2017;42(3):292–300.

Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Kardiovaskular Indonesia, Panduan Diagnosis dan Tatalaksana Penyakit Kardiovaskular pada Pandemi COVID-19. Guideline PERKI; 2020(1):1-102.

Feingold KR. Cholesterol Lowering Drugs. [Updated 2021 Mar 30]. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK395573/

Berthold HK, Rizzo M, Spenrath N, Montalto G, Krone W, Gouni-Berthold I. Effects of lipid-lowering drugs on high-density lipoprotein subclasses in healthy men - A randomized trial. PLoS One. 2014;9(3).

Krauss RM, Wojnooski K, Orr J, Geaney JC, Pinto CA, Liu Y, et al. Changes in lipoprotein subfraction concentration and composition in healthy individuals treated with the CETP inhibitor anacetrapib. J Lipid Res. 2012;53(3):540–7.

Woudberg NJ, Pedretti S, Lecour S, Schulz R, Vuilleumier N, James RW, et al. Pharmacological intervention to modulate HDL: What do we target? Front Pharmacol. 2018;8(JAN):1–16.

Bifulco M, Gazzerro P. Statins in coronavirus outbreak: It's time for experimental and clinical studies. Pharmacol Res. 2020;156:104803. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104803

Abdel-Latif RG, Mohammed S, Elgendy IY. Statin therapy and SAR-COV-2: an available and potential therapy?. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2020;6(5):333-334. doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa050

Lim S, Barter P. Antioxidant effects of statins in the management of cardiometabolic disorders. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2014;21(10):997-1010. doi: 10.5551/jat.24398. Epub 2014 Aug 15. PMID: 25132378.

Costa S, Reina-Couto M, Albino-Teixeira A, Sousa T. Statins and oxidative stress in chronic heart failure. Rev Port Cardiol. 2016 Jan;35(1):41-57. English, Portuguese. doi: 10.1016/j.repc.2015.09.006. Epub 2016 Jan 4. PMID: 26763895.

Pawlos A, Niedzielski M, Gorzelak-Pabiś P, Broncel M, Woźniak E. COVID-19: Direct and Indirect Mechanisms of Statins. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(8):4177. Published 2021 Apr 17. doi:10.3390/ijms22084177

Almeida SO, Budoff M. Effect of statins on atherosclerotic plaque. Trends Cardiovasc Med [Internet]. 2019;29(8):451–5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2019.01.001

Oesterle A, Laufs U, Liao JK. Pleiotropic Effects of Statins on the Cardiovascular System. Circ Res. 2017;120(1):229–43.

Soy M, Keser G, Atagündüz P, Tabak F, Atagündüz I, Kayhan S. Cytokine storm in COVID-19: pathogenesis and overview of anti-inflammatory agents used in treatment. Clin Rheumatol. 2020 Jul;39(7):2085-2094. doi: 10.1007/s10067-020-05190-5. Epub 2020 May 30. PMID: 32474885; PMCID: PMC72

Downloads

Published

2021-10-21

How to Cite

Suciangto, W., Rasyid, H., Nasrum, N. I. R., & Rahmani, M. Z. (2021). The Potential of Rosuvastatin in Stabilizing Lipid Profile and Improving Clinical Outcomes in Covid-19 Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. Nusantara Medical Science Journal, 6(1), 54–65. https://doi.org/10.20956/nmsj.v6i1.12243