Characteristics of Pain Based on Numerical Rating Scale in Maxillofacial Trauma Patients Treated with Open Reduction Internal Fixation

Article History

Submited : May 25, 2021
Published : October 21, 2021

Introduction: Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) is one of the maxillofacial bone fracture treatment procedures. Post-surgical pain is generally assessed by Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). Objective: To obtain information about pain characteristics in post-ORIF patients based on NRS. Methods: This study is an observational study with a retrospective descriptive approach. The research was conducted at Hasan Sadikin General Hospital (RSHS) Bandung in January 2018 - December 2019 based on medical record data. The data collected included age, gender, fracture area, diagnosis, duration of surgery, number of plates and screws, pre-surgical and post-surgical pain based on NRS, pain intensity measured every 8 hours postoperatively for 24 hours. Results: In this study, 65 medical records were obtained. The most frequent characteristics of the subjects were young adults aged 17-30 years (56.92%) and males (86.15%). The most frequent fracture locations were the mandible area (48.67%) and the most frequently performed surgery was at the mandibular area (60.46%). Regarding the duration of the surgery, most of the surgeries lasted for 61-120 minutes (32.30%) with the most used plates were plates (1-10 holes) and plates (11-20) holes, both having the same percentage (38.46%), and the most frequently used screw was screw (1-10) (49.23%). The most frequently used analgesics was Ketorolac (87.69%) and The NRS pain scale for ORIF was a mild type of surgery with an NRS scale of 1-3. The mean of pre-ORIF surgery patients showed a mild pain intensity with a percentage of 92.30% and postoperatively resulted in mild pain with a percentage of 95.38%. Conclusion: Characteristics of pain based on NRS in maxillofacial trauma patients treated with ORIF indicate mild pain and could be the result of the influence of analgesic drugs or subjective assessments, therefore, further research is needed to obtain a more precise assessment of the pain.

References

  1. Raja, Srinivasa N., et al. "The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises." Pain 161.9 (2020): 1976-1982
  2. Sirintawat, Nattapong, et al. "Pain measurement in oral and maxillofacial surgery." Journal of dental anesthesia and pain medicine 17.4 (2017): 253.
  3. Hird, Emily J., et al. "Boundary effects of expectation in human pain perception." Scientific Reports 9.1 (2019): 1-13.
  4. Singh, Vibha, et al. "The maxillofacial injuries: A study." National Journal of maxillofacial surgery 3.2 (2012): 166.
  5. Baliki, Marwan N., and A. Vania Apkarian. "Nociception, pain, negative moods, and behavior selection." Neuron 87.3 (2015): 474-491.
  6. Li, Li, Xueqin Liu, and Keela Herr. "Postoperative pain intensity assessment: a comparison of four scales in Chinese adults." Pain Medicine 8.3 (2007): 223-234.
  7. McCahon, Stephanie, et al. "Self-report and pain behavior among patients with chronic pain." The Clinical journal of pain 21.3 (2005): 223-231.
  8. Nilsson, Ulrica. "The anxiety‐and pain‐reducing effects of music interventions: a systematic review." AORN journal 87.4 (2008): 780-807.
  9. Rospond, R. M. "Pain assessment." Consult Pharm 8 (2008): 133-136.
  10. Back, C. P. N., et al. "The conservative management of facial fractures: indications and outcomes." Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery 60.2 (2007): 146-151.
  11. Intermountain Healthcare. All rights reserved. 2012. URL: https://intermountainhealthcare.org/ext/Dcmnt?ncid=521402750 Accessed February 21, 2021.
  12. ST, Canale. "Campbell’s operative orthopaedics." St. Louis: Mosby 1 (2003):
  13. Forouzanfar, Tymour, et al. "Long-term results and complications after treatment of bilateral fractures of the mandibular condyle." British journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery 51.7 (2013): 634-638.
  14. Schoen D. Adult orthopaedic nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
  15. Pagé, M. Gabrielle, et al. "Validation of the numerical rating scale for pain intensity and unpleasantness in pediatric acute postoperative pain: sensitivity to change over time." The Journal of Pain 13.4 (2012): 359-369.
  16. Oktavianti, Putu Herlin. "Prevalensi dan Gambaran Pola Luka Korban Kecelakaan Sepeda Motor di Instalasi Forensik RSUP Sanglah Denpasar Tahun 2013." Directory Of Open Access Journals 7.1 (2016): 33-41.
  17. Salihat, Kurnia, and L. Meily Kurniawidjaja. "Persepsi Risiko Berkendara dan Perilaku Penggunaan Sabuk Keselamatan di Kampus Universitas Indonesia, Depok." Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal) 4.6 (2010): 275-280.
  18. Leles, José Luiz Rodrigues, et al. "Risk factors for maxillofacial injuries in a Brazilian emergency hospital sample." Journal of Applied Oral Science 18.1 (2010): 23-29.
  19. Samieirad, Sahand, et al. "Maxillofacial fracture epidemiology and treatment plans in the Northeast of Iran: A retrospective study." Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal 22.5 (2017): e616.
  20. Sultana, Farjana, et al. "Pattern & Management of Mandible Fracture in the Department of Maxillofacial Casualty Dhaka Dental College & Hospital: A Retro-spective Cross Sectional Study of 435 Patients." Update Dental College Journal 8.1 (2018): 11-16.
  21. Maliska, Maximiana Cristina de Souza, et al. "Oral and maxillofacial surgery-Helmet and maxillofacial trauma: a 10-year retrospective study." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 11.2 (2012): 125-129.
  22. Gilardino, Mirko S., Elliot Chen, and Scott P. Bartlett. "Choice of internal rigid fixation materials in the treatment of facial fractures." Craniomaxillofacial trauma & reconstruction 2.1 (2009): 49-60.
  23. Bangun, Alan Anderson, and Witjaksono Witjaksono. Pengaruh Pemberian Tramadol Dan Ketorolak Terhadap Kadar Kortisol Plasma Tikus Wistar Yang Mengalami Insisi. Diss. Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, 2014.
  24. Lestari, Lupi, Elizeus Hanindito, and Arie Utariani. "Effectiveness of Ketoprofen Suppositoria as Preemptive Analgesia for Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery with General Anesthesia." Indonesian Journal of Anesthesiology and Reanimation 2.1 (2020): 20-26.
  25. Barden, Jodie, et al. "Single dose oral ketoprofen and dexketoprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4 (2009).
  26. Esquivel Velásquez, Grace Carolaine, Luis A. Santa Cruz, and Mario Alberto Isiordia Espinoza. "Ketoprofen is more effective than diclofenac after oral surgery when used as a preemptive analgesic: a pilot study." Journal of Oral & Facial Pain & Headache 28.2 (2014).
  27. Brunelli, Cinzia, et al. "Comparison of numerical and verbal rating scales to measure pain exacerbations in patients with chronic cancer pain." Health and quality of life outcomes 8.1 (2010): 1-8.
  28. Caesario, Oldi, Shinta Fitri Boesoirie, and Alwin Tahid. "Characteristics of Maxillofacial Fractures Resulting from Road Traffic Accidents at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital." Althea Medical Journal 4.3 (2017): 345-352.
  29. Sinatra R., Ginsberg B., Viscusi E., Casasola O.. Acute Pain Management. Cambridge: University Press. 2009.
  30. Yudiyanta, Novita. Assessment Nyeri. Patient Comfort Assessment Guide. 2015.
Purnomo, Y. Y., Sjamsudin, E., & Oli’i, E. M. (2021). Characteristics of Pain Based on Numerical Rating Scale in Maxillofacial Trauma Patients Treated with Open Reduction Internal Fixation. Nusantara Medical Science Journal, 6(1), 44-53. https://doi.org/10.20956/nmsj.v6i1.13855

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Fulltext