Risk of Vitamin D Deficiency in Smokers: Mix-Method

Amelia Lorensia (1) , Marthy Meliana Ariyanti Jalmav (2) , Zahwa Dhiba (3) , Rivan Virlando Suryadinata (4)
(1) University of Surabaya, Indonesia,
(2) Petra Christian University, Indonesia,
(3) University of Surabaya, Indonesia,
(4) University of Surabaya, Indonesia

Abstract

Cigarettes are one of the leading causes of death in the world and  Indonesia. Cigarettes emit cigarette smoke, which contains toxins and has pro-inflammatory properties that interfere  the metabolism of vitamin D in the lungs. The study aimed to determine the risk of vitamin D deficiency in active smokers in Rungkut Village, Surabaya City. This research method is a mix-method with a  Convergent Parallel Design type strategy, which is a way of collecting quantitative (cross-sectional) and qualitative data (interpretative phenomenological analysis) simultaneously, with purposive sampling technique. The variable was the risk of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D level. Subjects were active smokers aged ≥19 years in the Rungkut Subdistrict. The number of samples involved in this research was 125 samples in the quantitative phase, and 15 people in the qualitative phase.  The highest level of smoking severity was light smokers (45.60%). Most of respondents had normal vitamin D levels (≥20 mg/mL) of 73.33%, averaging of 37.66 ± 5.89 mg/mL. Most active smokers are at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Risk factors for deficiency in heavy smokers are not consuming foods containing vitamin D (such as fish, eggs, and milk), not consuming fish oil supplements and vitamins, and not sunbathing. However, the level of physical activity tended to be moderate-heavy. The conclusion is that smokers must pay attention to their intake of foods containing vitamin D and exposure to sunlight to achieve sufficient vitamin D levels.

References

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Authors

Amelia Lorensia
amelia.lorensia@gmail.com (Primary Contact)
Zahwa Dhiba
Author Biographies

Amelia Lorensia, University of Surabaya

Department of Clinical-Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabbaya, Indonesia

Marthy Meliana Ariyanti Jalmav, Petra Christian University

Petra Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia

Zahwa Dhiba, University of Surabaya

Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia

Rivan Virlando Suryadinata, University of Surabaya

Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia

Lorensia, A., Jalmav, M. M. A. ., Dhiba, Z. ., & Suryadinata, R. V. . (2024). Risk of Vitamin D Deficiency in Smokers: Mix-Method . Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 20(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v20i2.32775

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