The Effects of Anxiety, Stress, and Depression Due to Covid-19 Pandemic on Sleep Quality of Workers in Hospital
Abstract
The cases of COVID-19 infection have increased quite rapidly in Indonesia. The COVID-19 pandemic situation makes people experience anxiety, stress, and depression, especially those who work in hospitals. It further affects their sleep quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of anxiety, stress, and depression due to the COVID-19 pandemic on the sleep quality of healthcare and non-healthcare workers in a type-D hospital in Yogyakarta. This research was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. The subjects of this study were 200 healthcare and non-healthcare workers who worked in type-D hospital in Yogyakarta. This research applied DASS-42 questionnaire to measure the stress levels. While for measuring the sleep quality, it used PSQI questionnaire. Furthermore, to determine the effects of anxiety, stress, and depression on sleep quality, the researchers used a Chi-Square statistical analysis with a 95% confidence level. The result indicated that anxiety and stress affected the sleep quality of health workers (p=0.009; p=0.026), while anxiety and depression affected the sleep quality of non-helath workers (p=0.025; p=0.019). Conditions of anxiety, stress, and depression are more at risk of having bad sleep quality than who don’t experience it (Health workers OR value = 4.313; 5.053; 3.122, Non-health workers OR value = 4.876; 4.533; 0.551).
References
1. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506.
2. WHO. Coronavirus. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.
3. Kemenkes RI. Situasi Terkini Perkembangan Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Jakarta: INFEM: Infeksi Emerging: Media Informasi Resmi Terkini Penyakit Infeksi Emerging; 2021. Available at:https://covid19.kemkes.go.id/
4. Pemerintah Daerah D.I Yogyakarta. Data Harian Covid- 19 Yogyakarta. D.I Yogyakarta: Yogyakarta Tanggap Covid-19; 2021. Available at: https://corona.jogjaprov.go.id/
5. Tan BYQ, Chew NWS, Lee GKH, Jing M, Goh Y, Yeo LLL, et al. Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Care Workers in Singapore. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2020;173(4):317–320.
6. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(3):1-12.
7. K. Pavlova M, Latreille V. Sleep Disorders. The American Journal of Medicine. 2019;132(3):292–299.
8. El-Tantawy AA, Al-Yahya A, Raya Y, Mohamed S. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Quality Among Patients with Anxiety or Depressive Disorders in Relation to Their Quality of Life. Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry. 2014;35(1):56-64.
9. Oh CM, Kim HY, Na HK, Cho KH, Chu MK. The Effect of Anxiety and Depression on Sleep Quality of Individuals With High Risk for Insomnia: A Population-Based Study. Frontiers in Neurology. 2019;10(July):1–8.
10. Crawford JR, Henry JD. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Normative Data and Latent Structure in a Large Non-Clinical Sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2003;42(2):111–131.
11. Masdar H, Saputri PA, Rosdiana D, Chandra F, Darmawi D. Depresi, Ansietas dan Stres Serta Hubungannya dengan Obesitas pada Remaja. Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia. 2016;12(4):138-143.
12. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a New Instrument for Psychiatric Practice and Research. Psychiatry Research. 1989;28(2):193–213.
13. Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao WF, Xue Q, Peng M, et al. Mental Health and Psychosocial Problems of Medical Health Workers During the COVID-19 Epidemic in China. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2020;89(4):242–250.
14. Profis M, Simon-Tuval T. The Influence of Healthcare Workers’ Occupation on Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile. Industrial Health. 2016;54(5):439–447.
15. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Depressive Symptoms and Sleep Quality During COVID-19 Outbreak in China: a Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. Psychiatry Research. 2020;288(June).
16. Brito-Marques JM de AM, Franco CMR, Brito-Marques PR de, Martinez SCG, Prado GF do. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Sleep Quality of Medical Professionals in Brazil. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2021;79(2):149–155.
17. Sahebi A, Nejati-Zarnaqi B, Moayedi S, Yousefi K, Torres M, Golitaleb M. The Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression Among Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: an Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2021;107.
18. Alnazly E, Khraisat OM, Al-Bashaireh AM, Bryant CL. Anxiety, Depression, Stress, Fear and Social Support During COVID-19 Pandemic Among Jordanian Healthcare Workers. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):1-22.
19. Salari N, Khazaie H, Hosseinian-Far A, Khaledi-Paveh B, Kazeminia M, Mohammadi M, et al. The Prevalence of Stress, Anxiety and Depression Within Front-Line Healthcare Workers Caring for COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. Human Resources for Health. 2020;18(100):1-14.
20. Wang W, Song W, Xia Z, He Y, Tang L, Hou J, et al. Sleep Disturbance and Psychological Profiles of Medical Staff and Non-Medical Staff During the Early Outbreak of COVID-19 in Hubei Province, China. Frontiers in Psychiatry Public Mental Health. 2020;11(733):1–8.
21. Guyton A, Hall J. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. 12th ed. Jakarta: EGC; 2014.
22. Marisa V, Carvalho F, Lourdes M, Albuquerque R, Carvalho M, Remio F. Adrenaline and Noradrenaline: Partners and Actors in the Same Play. Neuroscience-Dealing with Frontiers. 2012;(March):1990–2016.
23. Stephens MAC, McCaul ME, Wand GS. The Potential Role of Glucocorticoids and the HPA Axis in Alcohol Dependence. Neurobiology of Alcohol Dependence. 2014;(February):429–450.
24. Sun X, Wang Y, Jiang N, Du Z. The Potential Role of Melatonin on Mental Disorders: Insights from Physiology and Pharmacology. Bipolar Disord Open Access. 2016;2(1):1–4.
2. WHO. Coronavirus. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.
3. Kemenkes RI. Situasi Terkini Perkembangan Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Jakarta: INFEM: Infeksi Emerging: Media Informasi Resmi Terkini Penyakit Infeksi Emerging; 2021. Available at:https://covid19.kemkes.go.id/
4. Pemerintah Daerah D.I Yogyakarta. Data Harian Covid- 19 Yogyakarta. D.I Yogyakarta: Yogyakarta Tanggap Covid-19; 2021. Available at: https://corona.jogjaprov.go.id/
5. Tan BYQ, Chew NWS, Lee GKH, Jing M, Goh Y, Yeo LLL, et al. Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Care Workers in Singapore. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2020;173(4):317–320.
6. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(3):1-12.
7. K. Pavlova M, Latreille V. Sleep Disorders. The American Journal of Medicine. 2019;132(3):292–299.
8. El-Tantawy AA, Al-Yahya A, Raya Y, Mohamed S. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Quality Among Patients with Anxiety or Depressive Disorders in Relation to Their Quality of Life. Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry. 2014;35(1):56-64.
9. Oh CM, Kim HY, Na HK, Cho KH, Chu MK. The Effect of Anxiety and Depression on Sleep Quality of Individuals With High Risk for Insomnia: A Population-Based Study. Frontiers in Neurology. 2019;10(July):1–8.
10. Crawford JR, Henry JD. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Normative Data and Latent Structure in a Large Non-Clinical Sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2003;42(2):111–131.
11. Masdar H, Saputri PA, Rosdiana D, Chandra F, Darmawi D. Depresi, Ansietas dan Stres Serta Hubungannya dengan Obesitas pada Remaja. Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia. 2016;12(4):138-143.
12. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a New Instrument for Psychiatric Practice and Research. Psychiatry Research. 1989;28(2):193–213.
13. Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao WF, Xue Q, Peng M, et al. Mental Health and Psychosocial Problems of Medical Health Workers During the COVID-19 Epidemic in China. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2020;89(4):242–250.
14. Profis M, Simon-Tuval T. The Influence of Healthcare Workers’ Occupation on Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile. Industrial Health. 2016;54(5):439–447.
15. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Depressive Symptoms and Sleep Quality During COVID-19 Outbreak in China: a Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. Psychiatry Research. 2020;288(June).
16. Brito-Marques JM de AM, Franco CMR, Brito-Marques PR de, Martinez SCG, Prado GF do. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Sleep Quality of Medical Professionals in Brazil. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2021;79(2):149–155.
17. Sahebi A, Nejati-Zarnaqi B, Moayedi S, Yousefi K, Torres M, Golitaleb M. The Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression Among Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: an Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2021;107.
18. Alnazly E, Khraisat OM, Al-Bashaireh AM, Bryant CL. Anxiety, Depression, Stress, Fear and Social Support During COVID-19 Pandemic Among Jordanian Healthcare Workers. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):1-22.
19. Salari N, Khazaie H, Hosseinian-Far A, Khaledi-Paveh B, Kazeminia M, Mohammadi M, et al. The Prevalence of Stress, Anxiety and Depression Within Front-Line Healthcare Workers Caring for COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. Human Resources for Health. 2020;18(100):1-14.
20. Wang W, Song W, Xia Z, He Y, Tang L, Hou J, et al. Sleep Disturbance and Psychological Profiles of Medical Staff and Non-Medical Staff During the Early Outbreak of COVID-19 in Hubei Province, China. Frontiers in Psychiatry Public Mental Health. 2020;11(733):1–8.
21. Guyton A, Hall J. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. 12th ed. Jakarta: EGC; 2014.
22. Marisa V, Carvalho F, Lourdes M, Albuquerque R, Carvalho M, Remio F. Adrenaline and Noradrenaline: Partners and Actors in the Same Play. Neuroscience-Dealing with Frontiers. 2012;(March):1990–2016.
23. Stephens MAC, McCaul ME, Wand GS. The Potential Role of Glucocorticoids and the HPA Axis in Alcohol Dependence. Neurobiology of Alcohol Dependence. 2014;(February):429–450.
24. Sun X, Wang Y, Jiang N, Du Z. The Potential Role of Melatonin on Mental Disorders: Insights from Physiology and Pharmacology. Bipolar Disord Open Access. 2016;2(1):1–4.
Authors
Christasani, P. D., Fenty, Rudianto, Y., & Sugisun, F. . (2021). The Effects of Anxiety, Stress, and Depression Due to Covid-19 Pandemic on Sleep Quality of Workers in Hospital. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 17(1), 36-42. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v17i1.11976
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.