Accumulation, Composition, Density, and Volume of Marine Litter on Palu Bay
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Abstract
Marine litter poses an increasing threat to the coastal ecosystem of Palu Bay, Indonesia, driven by contrasting land-based
human activities. This study assessed the accumulation, composition, density, and volume of macro-debris (>2.5 cm) at
four coastal stations representing residential, river-influenced, and tourism-dominated areas. Surveys were conducted
from June to September 2025 using a line transect method. The results showed marked spatial differences in marine litter
characteristics. Residential and river-influenced sites (Baiya and Mamboro Beaches) recorded the highest debris weights
(4003.67–4378.22 g/m²), dominated by heavier household waste transported via river systems. In contrast, tourism areas
(Taman Ria and Kampung Nelayan Beaches) exhibited lower debris weights (1697.67–1892.37 g/m²) but significantly
higher item densities (14.46–17.28 items/m²) and volumes, reflecting the dominance of lightweight, single-use plastics
from recreational activities. Plastic debris dominated all stations, exceeding 94% in tourism zones. These findings
demonstrate a clear dichotomy in litter sources and characteristics between tourism and residential areas, underscoring
the need for targeted management strategies. Effective mitigation should prioritize single-use plastic restrictions, adequate
waste facilities, and visitor awareness in tourism areas, alongside improved household waste collection and riverine waste
control in residential watersheds. Such source-specific approaches are essential for sustainable coastal management in
Palu Bay and comparable semi-enclosed bays.
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Accepted 2026-02-21
Published 2026-03-28
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