Volume 12, No.1: June 2019

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder / disease characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) with changes in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism in the body due to disruption in insulin action, insulin secretion or both. These metabolic changes affect the concentration of electrolytes. Electrolytes contained in the body play an important role in many body processes, such as controlling fluid levels, acid base balance (pH), nerve conduction, blood clotting and muscle contraction. Sodium, potassium and chloride are the most common macroelectrolytes and correlate with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we examined the prevalence of diabetes and its relationship to electrolyte concentrations in 28 subjects, divided into two groups: group A consisted of 14 diabetic patients in Labuang Baji Hospital and group B consisting of 14 non-diabetic subjects. The results of the research conducted showed that serum electrolyte levels (Na +, K +, Cl-) for the control were all in the normal range. In contrast, serum electrolyte (Na +, Cl-) levels have two patients who have Na + electrolyte levels below the normal range.

The effectiveness of the absorption of activated rice husk and hazelnut shells on the purification of used cooking oil has been carried out. The aim is to determine the absorption capacity of the active charcoal of rice husk and hazelnut shells to purify used cooking oil. After being physically activated, activated charcoal from rice husk and pecan shells is applied to the purification of used cooking oil. The results show that the quality of hazelnut shell charcoal is better than rice husk after it is applied to purifying used cooking oil.

The principles of green chemistry in nanotechnology is one of the key issues in nanoscience research. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using plant extract is an eco- friendly approach which eliminates the need for using physical and chemical techniques. A green synthetic route for the production of stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using aqueous silver nitrate as metal precursor and Myrmecodia pendans extract as bioreductor and PVA as stabilizer is being reported for the first time. In this case, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out by reduction method. The bio-reduction and stabilization of so formed silver nanoparticles was monitored by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Maximum absorption of AgNPs using Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) was at wavelength 408.50 nm, whereas that of AgNPs without using PVA was at wavelength of 408 nm. SEM images showed that the morphology of AgNPs was globular. An average size of silver nanoparticles using PVA and without using PVA was 78.3 and 76.1 nm, respectively. The results of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) displayed the same peak pattern with that of the standard silver metal showing that the resultant particles are silver nanoparticles having FCC structure. Analysis of glucose levels in blood using silver nanoparticles based sensors showed glucose concentration of 71.71 mg / dL.

Abstract. Gold nanoparticles have been synthesized with simple and relatively safe method by using kaemferol and quercetin containing aqueous extract of Myrmecodia pendans (sarang semut plant). Under this method, it was able to obtain AuNPs and measured the size. The formation of the nanoparticles were identified by the color change (yellow to red) occurred in the chloroauric acid solution after additional aquoeos extract of sarang semut plant. The UV-Visible spectra and particle size analyzer indicated the successful formation of AuNPs with wavelength of 521.5 nm which was stable for 4 days, evidenced by the presence of particles with a size 53.2 nm. XRD analysis showed the difractogram peak of gold nanopartcle. The result of SEM analysis indicated gold nanopartcle surface with spherical and rod-like shapes. Glucose sensor utilized gold nanopartcle as catalyst with measurement range 2–5 mM and regresision 0,868, detection limit of sensor was in concentration 2-5 mM  was 7,5 mM with sensitivity 0,736 A.mM-1.mm-2. Glucose concentration obtained in blood serum was 78,48mg/dL. Gold nanoparticles is promising to detect blood sugar with simply, securely, low cost without using enzyme and harmful material.

Collagenases are enzyme that are able to hydrolyze native collagen into fragment collagen peptides. Collagenases and its hydrolysis products have received tremendous attention in medical and industrial applications. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify new collagenase producing bacteria from fish liquid waste, then produce and characterize collagenase. A total of 7 isolate from fish liquid waste were screened on selective medium containg 2 % collagen and its activity was confirmed by the formation of clear zone. Isolat 6-2 was positif as collagenase producer and identified as Bacillus sp. 6-2 by morphological and biochemical characteristics. The optimum fermentation time of enzyme was investigated. Collagenase crude extract was characterized by the effect of pH, temperature, and metal ions. Isolat 62 optimally produced collagenase enzyme after 30 h of incubation with activity of   0.072 U/mL and protein content of 3.768 mg/mL. The optimum pH and temperature were 7.0 and 40 ^oC, respectively. The enzyme was activated by 1 mM Ca²⁺and  Mg²⁺, and inhibited by   1 mM  Zn²⁺ and Co²⁺. Collagenase from Bacillus sp. 6-2 may have potentials for medical and industrial applications.

Indonesia is a maritime country with the potential fisheries resources. However, utilization only revolves around the meat, while other parts have not been used optimally, especially fish bones which have the potential to produce collagen, so it needs to be developed. The aims of this study ware extracted collagen from bone of Lutjanus sp. and determine its the Anticancer activity. The collagen was extracted by using hydroextraction method and identification by FTIR. The initial screening anticancer activity was done by using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method for toxicity assay. The results showed that the yield of collagen was 4.535% with protein concentration was 8,815 mg/mL. Identified collagen from spectrum of amide A, B, I, II, and III at 3421.72; 2926.01; 1651.07; 1541.12; 1240.23 cm^-1. The toxicity test was shown in LC₅₀ values of  8,760 μg/mL. The collagen from Lutjanus sp. bone can be used as natural anticancer agent.