Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Insufficiency Stage: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Insufficiency (CKI) is a kidney disorder that occurs for at least three months and can become a chronic kidney disease. Many risk factors can cause CKI related to individual characteristics and lifestyle. The purpose is to determine the relationship between age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, and consumption of energy supplements with CKI stage in a selected hospital in Indonesia. This research was an analytic observational quantitative with a cross-sectional design. The number of samples was 325 patients using the accidental sampling technique. The instrument used creatinine results and Glomerular Filtration Rate calculations based on laboratory tests, questionnaires, and observation sheets. Bivariate analysis with Chi-Square. Most of the respondents in the CKI stage V (38.8%), late elderly (35.4%), male (56.9%) had a history of diabetes mellitus (55.4%), hypertension (67.7%), did not smoke (78.5%), and does not consume energy supplements (62.5%). Bivariate analysis showed a meaningful relationship between age (X2=8.52, p=0.019), history smoking behaviour (X2=7.12, p=0.026), diabetes mellitus (X2=4.39, p=0.037, and hypertension (X2=7.99, p=0.026) with CKI stage. Age, smoking behaviour, history of diabetes mellitus, and hypertension were associated with the CKI stage.
References
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31. Weldegiorgis M, Woodward M. The Impact of Hypertension on Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease is Greater in Men Than Women: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Nephrology. 2020;21(1):506. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02151-7
32. Kalengkongan DJ, Makahaghi YB, Tinungki YL. Risk Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in Patients Treated at the Liunkendage Tahuna Regional Hospital. Jurnal Ilmiah Sesebanua. 2018;2(2):100-114.
33. Jo W, Lee S, Joo YS, Nam KH, Yun HR, Chang TI, et al. Association of Smoking with Incident CKD Risk in the General Population: A Community-Based Cohort Study. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0238111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238111
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35. Jo W, Lee S, Joo YS, Nam KH, Yun H-R, Chang TI, et al. Association of Smoking with Incident CKD Risk in the General Population: A Community-Based Cohort Study. PloS One. 2020;15(8):e0238111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238111
36. Bigotte Vieira M, Magriço R, Viegas Dias C, Leitão L, Neves JS. Caffeine Consumption and Mortality in Chronic Kidney Disease: a Nationally Representative Analysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2019;34(6):974-980. 10.1093/ndt/gfy234
37. Díaz-López A, Paz-Graniel I, Ruiz V, Toledo E, Becerra-Tomás N, Corella D, et al. Consumption of Caffeinated Beverages and Kidney Function Decline in an Elderly Mediterranean Population with Metabolic Syndrome. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):1-13. 10.1038/s41598-021-88028-7
38. Tan EC, Eshetie T, Gray S, Marcum Z. Dietary Supplement Use in Middle-aged and Older Adults. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 2022;26(2):133-138. 10.1007/s12603-022-1732-9
39. Wierzejska RE. Dietary Supplements for Whom? The Current State of Knowledge about the Health Effects of Selected Supplement Use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(17):8897. 10.3390/ijerph18178897
40. Crawford C, Brown LL, Costello RB, Deuster PA. Select Dietary Supplement Ingredients for Preserving and Protecting the Immune System in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2022;14(21):4604. 10.3390/nu14214604
2. P A. What is the Global Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)? 2021 [Available from: https://www.medscape.com/answers/238798-105274/what-is-the-global-prevalence-of-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd
3. Bikbov B, Purcell CA, Levey AS, Smith M, Abdoli A, Abebe M, et al. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease, 1990–2017: a Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2020;395(10225):709-733. 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7
4. Registry IR. 11th Report of Indonesian Renal Registry 2018. 2018 [Available from: https://www.indonesianrenalregistry.org/data/IRR%202018.pdf
5. Riskesdas K. Main Results of Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS). Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical. 2018;44(8):1-200.
6. Chazot C, Jean G. End-Stage Kidney Patients Require Hemodialysis Therapy Full Start. Blood Purification. 2019;47(1-3):214-222.10.1159/000494582
7. Dai L, Lu C, Liu J, Li S, Jin H, Chen F, et al. Impact of Twice- or Three-Times-Weekly Maintenance Hemodialysis on Patient Outcomes: A Multicenter Randomized Trial. Medicine. 2020;99(20):e20202. 10.1097/MD.0000000000020202
8. Lee H, Kwon SH, Jeon JS, Noh H, Han DC, Kim H. Association Between Blood Pressure and the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease in Treatment-Naïve Hypertensive Patients. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2022;41(1):31-42. 10.23876/j.krcp.21.099
9. Liu X, Li F, Zheng Z, Li G, Zhou H, Zhang T, et al. Association of Morning Hypertension with Chronic Kidney Disease Progression and Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Hypertension. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;32(4):965-972. 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.12.021
10. Damtie S, Biadgo B, Baynes HW, Ambachew S, Melak T, Asmelash D, et al. Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated Risk Factors Assessment among Diabetes Mellitus Patients at A Tertiary Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences. 2018;28(6). 10.4314/ejhs.v28i6.3
11. Poudyal A, Karki KB, Shrestha N, Aryal KK, Mahato NK, Bista B, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease in Nepal: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. BMJ Open. 2022;12(3):e057509. 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057509
12. Ariyanto A, Hadisaputro S, Lestariningsih L, Adi MS. Several Risk Factors for Stage V Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in the Age Group Less Than 50 Years (Study at Dr. H. Soewondo Kendal Hospital and Dr.Adhyatma Hospital, MPH Semarang). Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Komunitas. 2018;3(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.14710/jekk.v3i1.3099
13. Islam SMS, Salehin M, Zaman SB, Tansi T, Gupta RD, Barua L, et al. Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Bangladesh. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(23). 10.3390/ijerph182312277
14. Paluch AE, Pool LR, Isakova T, Lewis CE, Mehta R, Schreiner PJ, et al. Association of Fitness with Racial Differences in Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Prev Med. 2019;57(1):68-76. 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.02.016
15. Fadlilah S, Nekada Y, Dede C, Lanni F, Saleha L, Lestiawati E, et al. Interdialytic Weight Gain (IDWG) and Complications of Intradialisis among Hemodialized Patients. International Medical Journal. 2021;28(6).
16. Brookes EM, Power DA. Elevated Serum Urea-to-Creatinine Ratio is Associated with Adverse Inpatient Clinical Outcomes in Non-end Stage Chronic Kidney Disease. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1):20827. 10.1038/s41598-022-25254-7
17. Chen TK, Knicely DH, Grams ME. Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis and Management: a Review. Jama. 2019;322(13):1294-1304. 10.1001/jama.2019.14745
18. Al-Wahsh H, Lam NN, Liu P, Quinn RR, Fiocco M, Hemmelgarn B, et al. Investigating the Relationship Between Age and Kidney Failure in Adults with Category 4 Chronic Kidney Disease. Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease. 2020;7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358120966819
19. Toyama T, Kitagawa K, Oshima M, Kitajima S, Hara A, Iwata Y, et al. Age Differences in the Relationships Between Risk Factors and Loss of Kidney Function: a General Population Cohort Study. BMC Nephrology. 2020;21(1):1-9. 10.1186/s12882-020-02121-z
20. Ravani P, Quinn R, Fiocco M, Liu P, Al-Wahsh H, Lam N, et al. Association of Age with Risk of Kidney Failure in Adults with Stage IV Chronic Kidney Disease in Canada. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(9):e2017150. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17150
21. Tonelli M, Riella M. Chronic Kidney Disease and the Aging Population. Brazilian Journal of Nephrology. 2014;36:1-5. 10.4103/0971-4065.127881
22. Stevens LA, Viswanathan G, Weiner DE. Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the Elderly Population: Current Prevalence, Future Projections, and Clinical Significance. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2010;17(4):293-301. 10.1053/j.ackd.2010.03.010
23. Valdivielso JM, Jacobs-Cachá C, Soler MJ. Sex Hormones and Their Influence on Chronic Kidney Disease. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension. 2019;28(1):1-9. 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000463
24. Tomlinson LA, Clase CM. Sex and the Incidence and Prevalence of Kidney Disease. Am Soc Nephrol; 2019:1557-1559. 10.2215/CJN.11030919
25. Harris RC, Zhang M-Z. The Role of Gender Disparities in Kidney Injury. Annals of Translational Medicine. 2020;8(7). 10.21037/atm.2020.01.23
26. Nordheim E, Jenssen TG. Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrine Connections. 2021;10(5):R151. 10.1530/EC-21-0097
27. Sukkar L, Kang A, Hockham C, Young T, Jun M, Foote C, et al. Incidence and Associations of Chronic Kidney Disease in Community Participants with Diabetes: a 5-year Prospective Analysis of the EXTEND45 study. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(5):982-990. 10.2337/dc19-1803
28. Nazzal Z, Hamdan Z, Masri D, Abu-Kaf O, Hamad M. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Among Palestinian Type 2 Diabetic Patients: a Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Nephrology. 2020;21:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02138-4
29. Lilia IH, Supadmi W. Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Failure in Hemodialysis Units of Private Hospitals in Yogyakarta. Majalah Farmasetika. 2019;4:60-65. https://doi.org/10.24198/mfarmasetika.v4i0.25860
30. Georgianos PI, Agarwal R. Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Diagnosis, Classification, and Therapeutic Targets. Am J Hypertens. 2021;34(4):318-26. 10.1093/ajh/hpaa209
31. Weldegiorgis M, Woodward M. The Impact of Hypertension on Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease is Greater in Men Than Women: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Nephrology. 2020;21(1):506. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02151-7
32. Kalengkongan DJ, Makahaghi YB, Tinungki YL. Risk Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in Patients Treated at the Liunkendage Tahuna Regional Hospital. Jurnal Ilmiah Sesebanua. 2018;2(2):100-114.
33. Jo W, Lee S, Joo YS, Nam KH, Yun HR, Chang TI, et al. Association of Smoking with Incident CKD Risk in the General Population: A Community-Based Cohort Study. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0238111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238111
34. Choi HS, Han K-D, Oh TR, Kim CS, Bae EH, Ma SK, et al. Smoking and Risk of Incident End-Stage Kidney Disease in General Population: A Nationwide Population-based Cohort Study from Korea. Scientific Reports. 2019;9(1):19511. 10.1038/s41598-019-56113-7
35. Jo W, Lee S, Joo YS, Nam KH, Yun H-R, Chang TI, et al. Association of Smoking with Incident CKD Risk in the General Population: A Community-Based Cohort Study. PloS One. 2020;15(8):e0238111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238111
36. Bigotte Vieira M, Magriço R, Viegas Dias C, Leitão L, Neves JS. Caffeine Consumption and Mortality in Chronic Kidney Disease: a Nationally Representative Analysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2019;34(6):974-980. 10.1093/ndt/gfy234
37. Díaz-López A, Paz-Graniel I, Ruiz V, Toledo E, Becerra-Tomás N, Corella D, et al. Consumption of Caffeinated Beverages and Kidney Function Decline in an Elderly Mediterranean Population with Metabolic Syndrome. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):1-13. 10.1038/s41598-021-88028-7
38. Tan EC, Eshetie T, Gray S, Marcum Z. Dietary Supplement Use in Middle-aged and Older Adults. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 2022;26(2):133-138. 10.1007/s12603-022-1732-9
39. Wierzejska RE. Dietary Supplements for Whom? The Current State of Knowledge about the Health Effects of Selected Supplement Use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(17):8897. 10.3390/ijerph18178897
40. Crawford C, Brown LL, Costello RB, Deuster PA. Select Dietary Supplement Ingredients for Preserving and Protecting the Immune System in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2022;14(21):4604. 10.3390/nu14214604
Authors
Fadlilah, S., Rahil, N. H. ., Khasanah, U., Damayanti, S., Nugroho, A., & Indrawati, F. L. . (2023). Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Insufficiency Stage: A Cross-Sectional Study. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 19(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v19i1.20424
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