Faktor Risiko Anemia pada Wanita Pemetik Teh
Abstract
Anemia is known as a public health problem for many years, based on the results of Riskesdas 2018 it isknown that the prevalence of anemia is 48.9%. This research aims to analyze the risk factors that influence anemiain female tea pickers in Pangalengan, Bandung, West Java. The research method was cross-sectional with 148subjects of the so-called Wanita Usia Subur (WUS). They are women of childbearing age, between 18-45 yearsold who were married and not pregnant. They were selected purposively in the plantation areas Purbasari, TalunSantosa and Sedep. This research was part of a research funded by Neys-van Hoogstraten Foundation (NHF).The data obtained are the characteristics of the subjects (age, family size, length and level of education), monthlyfamily expenses for food and non-food, status of nutrition and body composition, and anemia status. The resultsshowed that most of the female tea pickers are 40-44 years old, having family size up to 4 people and 72.3% ofthem are low level educated (89.9% has maximum the elementary school education). The average expenses fornon-food are greater than those for food. Based on various body composition indicators, the female tea pickerswere in general overweight (56.8%), normal upper arm circumference (98.6%). The average total of body fat isgreater than 32,1%, normal visceral fat (≤9%), waist circumference at risk ≥80 cm, and RPP ≥0.8 cm at 81.1%.The prevalence of anemia in tea picking women was 42.6%. Overweight is the most risk factor for anemia becausefat accumulation can reduce iron absorption so that the amount of hemoglobin goes down and erythrocytesdecreases. The age as a protective factor. Anemia can be prevented through nutrition education, healthy lifestyles,and controlling the causes and predisposing factors.
References
1. [WHO] World Health Organization. The Global Prevalence of Anemia in 2011. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2015.
2. Riskesdas. Hasil Utama Riskesdas 2018. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan; 2018.
3. Khatun K, Imbach P, Zamora JC. An Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Tropical Central America using the Holdridge Life Zone (HLZ) Land Classification System. iForest: Biogeosciences and Forestry. 2013;6:183-189.
4. Widiastuti S. Faktor Determinan Produktivitas Kerja pada Pekerja Wanita. [Skripsi]. Semarang: Program Studi Ilmu Gizi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro; 2016.
5. Khatun T, Alamin A, Saleh F, Hossain M, Hoque A, Ali L. Anemia among Garment Factory Workers in Bangladesh. Journal of Scientific Research. 2013;16(4): 502-507.
6. Kemenkes RI. Pedoman Gizi Seimbang. Jakarta: Ditjen Bina Gizi dan KIA Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2014.
7. BPS. Jakarta Dalam Angka. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik; 2012.
8. Gopaldas T. Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Young Working Women can be Reduced by Increasing the Consumption of Cereal-Based Fermented Foods or Gooseberry Juice at the Workplace. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 2002;23(1):94-105.
9. Rammohan A, Awofeso N, Robitaille MC. Addressing Female Iron-Deficiency Anaemia in India: Is Vegetarianism the Major Obstacle. ISRN
ublic Health. 2012:1-8.
10. Faeris NS. Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia Etiological and Prevention. European Journal Biology Medical Science Research. 2014;2(2):55-60.
11. Fitri YP, Briawan D, Tanziha I, Madanijah S. Tingkat Kecukupan dan Bioavailabilitas Asupan Zat Besi pada Ibu Hamil di Kota Tanggerang. Jurnal MKMI. 2016;12(3):185-191.
12. Makurat J, Friedrich H, Kuong K, Wieringa FT, Chamnan C, Krawinkel MB. Nutritional and Micronutrient Status of Female Workers in a Garment Factory in Cambodia. Journal Nutrients. 2016;8(11):1-16.
13. Ganapathi CK, dan Kumar SK. A Cross-Sectional Study of Anemia Among Women of Reproductive Age Group (15-49 Years) in a Rural Population of Tamil Nadu. Int J Med Sci Pub Health. 2016;6(3).
14. [UNICEF/UNU/WHO] United Nations Children’s Fund, United Nations University, World Health Organization. Iron Deficiency Anaemia Assessment, Prevention, and Control:A Guide for Programme Managers. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2001.
15. Setyawati LM. Selintas Tentang Kelelahan Kerja. Yogyakarta: Amara; 2010.
16. Mariza, Ana. Hubungan Pendidikan dan Sosial Ekonomi dengan Kejadian Anemia pada Ibu Hamil di BPS T Yohan Way Halim Bandar Lampung Tahun 2015. Jurnal Kesehatan Holistik. 2016;10(1):5-8.
17. Fifi ML, Nova H, Kapantaw, Nancy M. Hubungan antara Status Ekonomi dengan Anemia Ibu Hamil di Desa Sapa Kecamatan Tengah Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan. [Tesis]. Manado: Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Samratulangi; 2012.
18. Arida A, Sofyan, Fadhiela K. Analisis Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga berdasarkan Proporsi Pengeluaran Pangan dan Konsumsi Energi. Agrisep. 2015;16(1):20-34.
19. Widyaji dan Mahmudiono. Hubungan Pengeluaran Rumah Tangga, Asupan Protein dan Asupan Zat Besi dengan Kadar Hemoglobin pada Pekerja Tambang Pasir Tradisional. Amerta Nutrion. 2017;1(3):220-226.
20. Souganidis ES, Sun K, de Pee S, Kraemer K, Rah JH, Moench Pfanner R, Sari M, Bloem MW, Semba RD. Relationship of Maternal Knowledge of Anemia with Maternal and Child Anemia and Health-Related Behaviors Targeted at Anemia Among Families in Indonesia. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2012;16(9):1913-1925.
21. Efroymson D, Ahmed S, Twonsend J. Hungry for Tobacco: An Analysis of the Economic Impact of Tobacco Consumption on the Poor in Bangladesh. BMJ Journals: Tobacco Control. 2001;10(3):212-217.
22. Gibson RS. Principles of Nutritional Assessment. Second edition: New York. Oxford [UK]: Oxford University Press; 2005.
23. Yaghoobi M, Rimaz S, Aebabisarjou A, Liaghat S, Salehiniya H. The Prevalence of Obesity and Overweight in Iranian Women: A Study in Zahedan (Southeast of Iran). Scholars Journal Applied Medical Sciences (SJAMS). 2015; 3(3F):1411-1415.
24. Nuttall FQ. Body Mass Index. Nutrition Today. 2015;50(3):117-128.
25. Kulie T, Slattengren A, Redmer J, Counths H, Englash A, Schrager S. Obesity and Women’s Health: An Evidence-Based Review. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 2011;24(1):75-85.
26. Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Lau DCW. Canadian Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management and Prevention of Obesity in Adults and Children. CMAJ. 2007;176(8):1-13.
27. Mulyawati Y. Perbandingan Efek Suplementasi Tablet Tambah Darah dengan dan Tanpa Vitamin C terhadap Kadar Hemoglobin pada Pekerja Wanita di Perusahaan Plywood [Tesis]. Jakarta: Program Pasca Sarjana UI; 2003.
28. Nagababu E, Gulyani S, Earley CJ, Cutler RG, Mattson MP, Rifkind JM. Iron-Deficiency Anemia Enhances Red Blood Cell Oxidative Stress. Free Radical Research. 2008;42(9):824-829.
29. Shekarriz R, Vaziri MM. Iron Profile and Inflammatory Status of Overweight and Obese Women in Sari, North of Iran. International Journal of Hematology Oncolgy and Stem Cell Research. 2017;11(2):108-113.
30. Mayez MD, Lacey JV Jr, Beebe-Dimmer J, Gillespie BW, Cooper B, Laing TJ, Schottenfeld D. Prevalence, Incidence, Survival, and Disease Characteristics of Sistemic Sclerosis in a large US population. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2003; 48(8):2246-2255.
31. Lopez AC, Melseboonstra A, MB, HerterAeberli I. In Overweight and Obese Women, Dietary Iron Absorption is Reduced and the Enhancement of Iron Absorption by Ascorbic Acid is one Half that in Normal-Weight Women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2015;102(6):1389-1397.
32. Anderson AK. Prevalence of Anemia, Overweight/Obesity, and Undiagnosed Hypertension and Diabetes among Residents of Selected Communities in Ghana. International Journal of Chronic Disseases. 2017;1-7.
33. Pasalina PE, Jurnalis YD, Ariadi. Hubungan Indeks Massa Tubuh dengan Kejadian Anemia pada Wanita Usia Subur Pranikah. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan dan Kebidanan. 2019;10(1):12-20.
34. Zeng Q, He Yuan, Dong S, Zhao X, Chen Z, Song Z, Chang G, Yang F, Wang Y. Optimal Cut-Off Values of BMI, Waist Circumference and Waist: Height Ratio for Defining Obesity in Chinese Adults. British Journal Nutrition. 2014;112(10):1735-1744.
35. Lopez AC, Osendarp SJM, Boonstra AM, Aeberli I, Salazar FG, Feskens E. Sharply Higher Rates of Iron Deficiency in Obese Women and Children are Predicted by Obesity-Related Inflammation Rather than by Differences in Dietary Iron Intake. The American Journal Clinical Nutrition. 2011;93(5):975-983.
2. Riskesdas. Hasil Utama Riskesdas 2018. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan; 2018.
3. Khatun K, Imbach P, Zamora JC. An Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Tropical Central America using the Holdridge Life Zone (HLZ) Land Classification System. iForest: Biogeosciences and Forestry. 2013;6:183-189.
4. Widiastuti S. Faktor Determinan Produktivitas Kerja pada Pekerja Wanita. [Skripsi]. Semarang: Program Studi Ilmu Gizi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro; 2016.
5. Khatun T, Alamin A, Saleh F, Hossain M, Hoque A, Ali L. Anemia among Garment Factory Workers in Bangladesh. Journal of Scientific Research. 2013;16(4): 502-507.
6. Kemenkes RI. Pedoman Gizi Seimbang. Jakarta: Ditjen Bina Gizi dan KIA Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2014.
7. BPS. Jakarta Dalam Angka. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik; 2012.
8. Gopaldas T. Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Young Working Women can be Reduced by Increasing the Consumption of Cereal-Based Fermented Foods or Gooseberry Juice at the Workplace. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 2002;23(1):94-105.
9. Rammohan A, Awofeso N, Robitaille MC. Addressing Female Iron-Deficiency Anaemia in India: Is Vegetarianism the Major Obstacle. ISRN
ublic Health. 2012:1-8.
10. Faeris NS. Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia Etiological and Prevention. European Journal Biology Medical Science Research. 2014;2(2):55-60.
11. Fitri YP, Briawan D, Tanziha I, Madanijah S. Tingkat Kecukupan dan Bioavailabilitas Asupan Zat Besi pada Ibu Hamil di Kota Tanggerang. Jurnal MKMI. 2016;12(3):185-191.
12. Makurat J, Friedrich H, Kuong K, Wieringa FT, Chamnan C, Krawinkel MB. Nutritional and Micronutrient Status of Female Workers in a Garment Factory in Cambodia. Journal Nutrients. 2016;8(11):1-16.
13. Ganapathi CK, dan Kumar SK. A Cross-Sectional Study of Anemia Among Women of Reproductive Age Group (15-49 Years) in a Rural Population of Tamil Nadu. Int J Med Sci Pub Health. 2016;6(3).
14. [UNICEF/UNU/WHO] United Nations Children’s Fund, United Nations University, World Health Organization. Iron Deficiency Anaemia Assessment, Prevention, and Control:A Guide for Programme Managers. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2001.
15. Setyawati LM. Selintas Tentang Kelelahan Kerja. Yogyakarta: Amara; 2010.
16. Mariza, Ana. Hubungan Pendidikan dan Sosial Ekonomi dengan Kejadian Anemia pada Ibu Hamil di BPS T Yohan Way Halim Bandar Lampung Tahun 2015. Jurnal Kesehatan Holistik. 2016;10(1):5-8.
17. Fifi ML, Nova H, Kapantaw, Nancy M. Hubungan antara Status Ekonomi dengan Anemia Ibu Hamil di Desa Sapa Kecamatan Tengah Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan. [Tesis]. Manado: Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Samratulangi; 2012.
18. Arida A, Sofyan, Fadhiela K. Analisis Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga berdasarkan Proporsi Pengeluaran Pangan dan Konsumsi Energi. Agrisep. 2015;16(1):20-34.
19. Widyaji dan Mahmudiono. Hubungan Pengeluaran Rumah Tangga, Asupan Protein dan Asupan Zat Besi dengan Kadar Hemoglobin pada Pekerja Tambang Pasir Tradisional. Amerta Nutrion. 2017;1(3):220-226.
20. Souganidis ES, Sun K, de Pee S, Kraemer K, Rah JH, Moench Pfanner R, Sari M, Bloem MW, Semba RD. Relationship of Maternal Knowledge of Anemia with Maternal and Child Anemia and Health-Related Behaviors Targeted at Anemia Among Families in Indonesia. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2012;16(9):1913-1925.
21. Efroymson D, Ahmed S, Twonsend J. Hungry for Tobacco: An Analysis of the Economic Impact of Tobacco Consumption on the Poor in Bangladesh. BMJ Journals: Tobacco Control. 2001;10(3):212-217.
22. Gibson RS. Principles of Nutritional Assessment. Second edition: New York. Oxford [UK]: Oxford University Press; 2005.
23. Yaghoobi M, Rimaz S, Aebabisarjou A, Liaghat S, Salehiniya H. The Prevalence of Obesity and Overweight in Iranian Women: A Study in Zahedan (Southeast of Iran). Scholars Journal Applied Medical Sciences (SJAMS). 2015; 3(3F):1411-1415.
24. Nuttall FQ. Body Mass Index. Nutrition Today. 2015;50(3):117-128.
25. Kulie T, Slattengren A, Redmer J, Counths H, Englash A, Schrager S. Obesity and Women’s Health: An Evidence-Based Review. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 2011;24(1):75-85.
26. Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Lau DCW. Canadian Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management and Prevention of Obesity in Adults and Children. CMAJ. 2007;176(8):1-13.
27. Mulyawati Y. Perbandingan Efek Suplementasi Tablet Tambah Darah dengan dan Tanpa Vitamin C terhadap Kadar Hemoglobin pada Pekerja Wanita di Perusahaan Plywood [Tesis]. Jakarta: Program Pasca Sarjana UI; 2003.
28. Nagababu E, Gulyani S, Earley CJ, Cutler RG, Mattson MP, Rifkind JM. Iron-Deficiency Anemia Enhances Red Blood Cell Oxidative Stress. Free Radical Research. 2008;42(9):824-829.
29. Shekarriz R, Vaziri MM. Iron Profile and Inflammatory Status of Overweight and Obese Women in Sari, North of Iran. International Journal of Hematology Oncolgy and Stem Cell Research. 2017;11(2):108-113.
30. Mayez MD, Lacey JV Jr, Beebe-Dimmer J, Gillespie BW, Cooper B, Laing TJ, Schottenfeld D. Prevalence, Incidence, Survival, and Disease Characteristics of Sistemic Sclerosis in a large US population. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2003; 48(8):2246-2255.
31. Lopez AC, Melseboonstra A, MB, HerterAeberli I. In Overweight and Obese Women, Dietary Iron Absorption is Reduced and the Enhancement of Iron Absorption by Ascorbic Acid is one Half that in Normal-Weight Women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2015;102(6):1389-1397.
32. Anderson AK. Prevalence of Anemia, Overweight/Obesity, and Undiagnosed Hypertension and Diabetes among Residents of Selected Communities in Ghana. International Journal of Chronic Disseases. 2017;1-7.
33. Pasalina PE, Jurnalis YD, Ariadi. Hubungan Indeks Massa Tubuh dengan Kejadian Anemia pada Wanita Usia Subur Pranikah. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan dan Kebidanan. 2019;10(1):12-20.
34. Zeng Q, He Yuan, Dong S, Zhao X, Chen Z, Song Z, Chang G, Yang F, Wang Y. Optimal Cut-Off Values of BMI, Waist Circumference and Waist: Height Ratio for Defining Obesity in Chinese Adults. British Journal Nutrition. 2014;112(10):1735-1744.
35. Lopez AC, Osendarp SJM, Boonstra AM, Aeberli I, Salazar FG, Feskens E. Sharply Higher Rates of Iron Deficiency in Obese Women and Children are Predicted by Obesity-Related Inflammation Rather than by Differences in Dietary Iron Intake. The American Journal Clinical Nutrition. 2011;93(5):975-983.
Authors
Setyorini, E., Anwar, F., Riyadi, H., & Khomsan, A. (2019). Faktor Risiko Anemia pada Wanita Pemetik Teh. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 15(3), 292-301. https://doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v15i3.7008
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.