The Role of Local Governments in Supporting Social Forestry Implementation in Indonesia: A Social Network Analysis and Evidence from Eastern Indonesia
Additional Files
Social forestry has become an integral part of Indonesia's efforts to balance economic development, conservation of natural resources, and the well-being of local communities. The Jokowi administration has made significant efforts to promote this initiative, including allocating 12.7 million hectares of state forest areas and recognizing it as an instrument to address tenure issues in forest areas through the Omnibus Law on Job Creation with getting support from various regulations by relevant ministries. However, social forestry support is needed down to the local government/regional levels (provincial, regency, and village levels). This study aims to analyze the local government’s support for implementing social forestry. We employ Social Network Analysis to identify local government entities and their relationships in implementation processes. Additionally, document analysis is used to assess the extent of local government support through their working documents. The study shows that local government support for the implementation is still limited, with its execution primarily concentrated within a few agencies. Social forestry has not yet fully become a strategy for achieving community well-being around forests, enhancing local economies, or protecting forest resources. Furthermore, stakeholders' understanding of social forestry, resource availability, and local government policies to support it remains limited. Improvements in these three aspects are necessary to ensure successful implementation at the regional levels.
Aji, N. D. S., & Soejono, D. (2021). Peran Stakeholder Terhadap Program Agroforestri dan Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Petani LMDH Rengganis Desa Pakis Kecamatan Panti. Jurnal Kirana, 2(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.19184/jkrn.v2i1.25954
Asmin, F., Darusman, D., Ichwandi, I., & Suharjito, D. (2019). Mainstreaming community-based forest management in West Sumatra: Social forestry arguments, support, and implementation. Forest and Society, 3(1), 77–96. https://doi.org/10.24259/ fs.v3i1.4047
Awang, S. A. (2003). Politik Kehutanan Masyarakat. Center for Critical Social Studies & Kreasi Wacana Yogyakarta.
BKSDA NTT. (2018). Wilayah Kerja Balai Besar Besar KSDA Nusa Tenggara Timur. BKSDA NTT. Retrieved May 20, 2023 from http://bbksdantt.menlhk.go.id/profil/ wilayah-kerja
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
Budi, B., Kartodihardjo, H., Nugroho, B., & Mardiana, R. (2021). Implementation of Social Forestry Policy: A Review of Community Access. Forest and Society, 5(1), 60-74. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v5i1.9859
Budiningsih, K., Nurfatriani, F., Salminah, M., Ulya, N. A., Nurlia, A., Setiabudi, I. M., & Mendham, D. S. (2022). Forest Management Units’ Performance in Forest Fire Management Implementation in Central Kalimantan and South Sumatra. Forests, 13(6), 894. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13060894
Camacho, D., Panizo-LLedot, A., Bello-Orgaz, G., Gonzalez-Pardo, A., & Cambria, E. (2020). The four dimensions of social network analysis: An overview of research methods, applications, and software tools. Information Fusion, 63, 88-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2020.05.009
CIFOR. (2003). Community Forests in Asia: Experiences from Nepal, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research (3rd Edition). Sage.
De Royer S, Pradhan U, Fauziyah E, Sulistyati T. (2014). Community-based Forest Management: who is benefiting? Community-based Forest management, coffee and migration patterns in Ciamis Regency, West Java, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program.
DeGroff, A., & Cargo, M. (2009). Policy implementation: Implications for evaluation. New Directions for Evaluation, 2009(124), 47-60. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.313
Everett, M., & Borgatti, S. P. (2005). Ego network betweenness. Social Networks, 27(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.007
FAO. (1978). Forestry for Local Community Development. Forestry Paper Vol. 7. Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nation.
Firdaus A.Y. 2018. Panduan Praktis Penerapan Kebijakan Perhutanan Sosial: Kerangka Percepatan Reformasi Tenurial Hutan. CIFOR. https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor/ 006856
Fisher, M. R., Moeliono, M., Mulyana, A., Yuliani, E. L., Adriadi, A., Judda, J., & Sahide, M. A. K. (2018). Assessing the new social forestry project in Indonesia: recognition, livelihood and conservation?. International Forestry Review, 20(3), 346-361. https://doi.org/10.1505/146554818824063014
Fisher, R., Prabhu, R., & McDougall, C. (2007). Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
Galudra, G. (2019). Focusing on facilitation: Issues and challenges of capacity development in Indonesia’s social forestry reforms. Forest and Society, 3(1), 133–136. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v3i1.5995
Gronow, A., Brockhaus, M., Di Gregorio, M., Karimo, A., & Ylä-Anttila, T. (2021). Policy learning as complex contagion: how social networks shape organizational beliefs in forest-based climate change mitigation. Policy Sciences, 54(3), 529-556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-021-09418-2
Hanneman, R. A., & Riddle, M. (2005). Introduction to social network methods. University of California.
Hansen, D. L., Shneiderman, B., Smith, M. A., & Himelboim, I. (2011). Calculating and visualizing network metrics. Analyzing social media networks with NodeXL, 79-94.
Hansen, D. L., Shneiderman, B., Smith, M. A., & Himelboim, I. (2020). Social network analysis: measuring, mapping, and modeling collections of connections. Analyzing social media networks with NodeXL, 31-51.
Hansen, D., Shneiderman, B., & Smith, M. A. (2010). Analyzing social media networks with NodeXL: Insights from a connected world. Morgan Kaufmann.
Huang, M., Wang, Z., & Chen, T. (2019). Analysis on the theory and practice of industrial symbiosis based on bibliometrics and social network analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 213, 956-967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.131
Jamkar, V., Butler, M., & Current, D. (2023). Barriers and facilitators for successful community forestry: Lessons learned and practical applications from case studies in India and Guatemala. Case Studies in the Environment, 7(1), 1827932. https://doi.org/10.1525/cse.2023.1827932
Kark, S., Tulloch, A., Gordon, A., Mazor, T., Bunnefeld, N., & Levin, N. (2015). Cross-boundary collaboration: key to the conservation puzzle. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 12, 12-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.08.005
Lan, T., Zhang, H., & Li, Z. (2022). Exploring the evolution of road centrality: A case study of Hong Kong from 1976 to 2018. Applied Geography, 146, 102767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2022.102767
Li, X., Geng, S., & Liu, S. 2022. Social Network Analysis on Tourists’ Perceived Image of Tropical Forest Park: Implications for Niche Tourism. SAGE Open, 12(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211067243
Lestari, S., Premono, B. T., & Winarno, B. (2019). Local people awareness towards social forestry program: a case study of Ogan Komering Ulu District, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 308(1), 012075). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/308/1/012075
Maring, P. (2022). Conflict transformation and collaboration in developing social forestry in Flores, Indonesia. Forest and Society, 6(1), 40-66. https://doi.org/ 10.24259/fs.v6i1.13199
Marqués-Sánchez, P., Martínez-Fernández, M. C., Benítez-Andrades, J. A., Quiroga-Sánchez, E., García-Ordás, M. T., & Arias-Ramos, N. (2023). Adolescent relational behaviour and the obesity pandemic: A descriptive study applying social network analysis and machine learning techniques. PloS one, 18(8), e0289553. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289553
Maryudi, A., Sahide, M. A. K., Daulay, M. H., Yuniati, D., Syafitri, W., Sadiyo, S., & Fisher, M. R. (2022). Holding social forestry hostage in Indonesia: Contested bureaucracy mandates and potential escape pathways. Environmental Science & Policy, 128, 142-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.11.013
MoEF. (2021). Peraturan Menteri LHK No 9 tahun 2021 tentang Pengelolaan Perhutanan Sosial. Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
MoEF. (2022). Konflik Pengelolaan Kawasan Hutan Lindung Egon Limendo Nusa Tenggara Timur [Press Release]. Retrieved June 16, 2023 from https://www. menlhk. go.id/site/single_post/5210
Moeliono, M., Thuy, P. T., Bong, I. W., Wong, G. Y., & Brockhaus, M. (2017). Social Forestry-why and for whom? A comparison of policies in Vietnam and Indonesia. Forest and Society, 1(2), 78-97. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v1i2.2484
Muttaqin, M. Z., Samsoedin, I., Subarudi, Nurtjahjawilasa, & Hamdani, F. A. U. (2017). Pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan di hutan desa Buntoi, Kecamatan Kahayan Hilir, Kabupaten Pulang Pisau, Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan Kehutanan, 14(1), 1–16.
Newman, M. E. J. (2010). Mathematics of networks. Networks, 109–167. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206650.003.0006
Newton, P., Schaap, B., Fournier, M., Cornwall, M., Rosenbach, D. W., DeBoer, J & Agrawal, A. (2015). Community forest management and REDD+. Forest Policy and Economics, 56, 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2015.03.008
Njurumana, G. N., Ginoga, K., & Octavia, D. (2020). Sustaining farmers livelihoods through community forestry in Sikka, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas: Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(8), 3786-3796. https://doi.org/ 10.13057/biodiv/d210846
Nuswardani, N., & Indrayati, R. (2021, December). Food Security Improvement Model Through Social Forestry Program. In International Joined Conference on Social Science (ICSS 2021) (pp. 1-7). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k. 211130.001
Pambudi, A. S. (2020). The development of social forestry in Indonesia. The Journal of Indonesia Sustainable Development Planning, 1(1), 57-66. https://doi.org/ 10.46456/jisdep.v1i1.11
Peluso, N. L. (2013). Emergent forest and private land regimes in Java. In Peluso, N., & Lund, C. (Eds.), New Frontiers of Land Control (pp. 145-170). Routledge.
Purnomo, H., Shantiko, B., Sitorus, S., Gunawan, H., Achdiawan, R., Kartodihardjo, H., & Dewayani, A. A. (2017). Fire economy and actor network of forest and land fires in Indonesia. Forest Policy and Economics, 78, 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.forpol.2017.01.001
Purwanto, E. (Ed.) (2017). Challenges of the Social Forestry Program in Indonesia and the Roles of CSOs. Workshop proceeding “Strengthening Strategy on the Social Forestry and the Roles of CSOs”, Bogor, 22-23 October 2015. Bogor, Indonesia: Tropenbos Indonesia.
Ragandhi, A., Hadna, A. H., Setiadi, S., & Maryudi, A. (2021). Why do greater forest tenure rights not enthuse local communities? An early observation on the new community forestry scheme in state forests in Indonesia. Forest and Society, 5(1), 159-166. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v5i1.11723
Rahayu, S., Laraswati, D., Permadi, D. B., Sahide, M. A., & Maryudi, A. (2023). Only a Noise? The Role of Non-governmental Organizations in the Policy Processes of a New Social Forestry Model in Indonesia. Small-scale Forestry, 22(2), 253-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-022-09525-9
Rahayu, S., Laraswati, D., Pratama, A. A., Permadi, D. B., Sahide, M. A., & Maryudi, A. (2019). Research trend: Hidden diamonds–The values and risks of online repository documents for forest policy and governance analysis. Forest policy and economics, 100, 254-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.01.009
Ramadhan, F. (2020). Pemanfaatan Analisis Jaringan Sosial Dalam Penentuan Centrality Dalam Pengembangan Web Berita Online. Journal of Computer and Information Systems Ampera, 1(3), 157–173. https://doi.org/10.51519/ journalcisa.v1i3.43
Rapley, T. (2007). Doing conversation, discourse and document analysis. Sage.
Resosudarmo, I. A. P., Tacconi, L., Sloan, S., Hamdani, F. A. U., Subarudi, Alviya, I., & Muttaqin, M. Z. (2019). Indonesia’s land reform: Implications for local livelihoods and climate change. Forest Policy and Economics, 108, 101903. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.007
Safitri, M. A. (2017). Dividing the land: legal gaps in the recognition of customary land in Indonesian forest areas. Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, 30(2)–31(1), 31–48
Sahide, M. A. K., Fisher, M. R., Erbaugh, J. T., Intarini, D., Dharmiasih, W., Makmur, M., ... & Maryudi, A. (2020). The boom of social forestry policy and the bust of social forests in Indonesia: Developing and applying an access-exclusion framework to assess policy outcomes. Forest Policy and Economics, 120, 102290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102290
Salosso, K. E. (2018). Community-Based Forest Management in Indonesia: Spatial Patterns and Trends. Michigan State University.
Sikor, T., Gritten, D., Atkinson, J., Huy, B., Dahal, G. R., Duangsathaporn, K., … Yaqiao, Z. (2013). Community forestry in Asia and the Pacific: Pathway to inclusive development. RECOFTC.
Siscawati, M. (2013). Social movements and scientific forestry: Examining the community forestry movement in Indonesia [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Washington.
Sitanggang, R. F., & Zaitunah, A. (2021). Evaluation of work plan implementation of community forest management business license case study in Karya Lestari farmers group, Sibaganding Village, Girsang Sipangan Bolon Sub-district, Simalungun Regency. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 886(1), 012130). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/886/1/012130
Stoettner, E. M., & Dhubháin, Á. N. (2019). The social networks of Irish private forest owners: an exploratory study. Forest Policy and Economics, 99, 68-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.09.008
Stokols, D. (2006). Toward a science of transdisciplinary action research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 38, 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-006-9060-5
Suhardjito, D., & Wulandari, C. (2019). A reflection of social forestry in 2019: Towards inclusive and collaborative government approaches. Forest and Society, 3(1), 137–140. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v3i1.6099
Tajuddin, T., Supratman, S., Salman, D., & Yusran, Y. (2019). Bridging social forestry and forest management units: Juxtaposing policy imaginaries with implementation practices in a case from Sulawesi. Forest and Society 3(1), 97-113. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v3i1.6049
Van der Hulst, R. C. (2009). Introduction to Social Network Analysis (SNA) as an investigative tool. Trends in Organized Crime, 12, 101-121. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12117-008-9057-6
Watts, J. D., Tacconi, L., Irawan, S., & Wijaya, A. H. (2019). Village transfers for the environment: Lessons from community-based development programs and the village fund. Forest Policy and Economics, 108, 101863. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.forpol.2019.01.008
Widyaningsih, T. S., Darwin, M. M., Pangaribowo, E. H., & Maryudi, A. (2022). Harnessing social innovations and mobilizing networks for improving local livelihoods: cases of two community-managed forests from Indonesia. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 31(1), 27-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2021.2018668
Yang, S., Keller, F. B., & Zheng, L. (2016). Social network analysis: Methods and examples. Sage Publications.
Zhang, J., & Luo, Y. (2017, March). Degree centrality, betweenness centrality, and closeness centrality in social network. In 2017 2nd international conference on modelling, simulation and applied mathematics (MSAM2017) (pp. 300-303). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/msam-17.2017.68
Copyright (c) 2024 Forest and Society
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access journal which means that all contents is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.
Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the Publisher. An article based on a section from a completed graduate dissertation may be published in Forest and Society, but only if this is allowed by author's(s') university rules. The Editors reserve the right to edit or otherwise alter all contributions, but authors will receive proofs for approval before publication.
Forest and Society operates a CC-BY 4.0 © license for journal papers. Copyright remains with the author, but Forest and Society is licensed to publish the paper, and the author agrees to make the article available with the CC-BY 4.0 license. Reproduction as another journal article in whole or in part would be plagiarism. Forest and Society reserves all rights except those granted in this copyright notice
