Tracing Current Wildlife Trade: An Initial Investigation in Makassar City, Indonesia
Additional Files
Wildlife trade has become one of the main causes of species loss and extinction. Increasing anthropogenic pressure posits crucial challenges to wildlife, and several species are threatened or at the edge of extinction. In this study, we aimed to examine the current wildlife trade in Makassar City of South Sulawesi, especially focusing on traded species, their area of origin, price, conservation status and traders’ distribution across the city. We conducted a market survey and direct observations of animals and wildlife traders in several locations, using a questionnaire targeting both wildlife/pet sellers and buyers. We also interviewed government bodies related with wildlife trade. Our results showed that there were 13 distribution spots of wildlife trading in the city of Makassar, and 27 different wildlife suppliers. During the seven months of observation (March-September 2018), the trade involved 62 species of birds, mammals and reptiles. More than 50% of these species had Indonesian origins, and 18% were endemic species of Sulawesi Island. The highest number of animals traded in the market were birds. Out of the 2,642 individuals being traded, 32 were considered as protected species under the IUCN regulation, 24 were species whose trade is regulated by CITES, and 10 were nationally protected according to the Indonesian Government’s Laws. The traded animals were obtained from different sources, including direct hunters, middlemen, opportunists, and breeders, mostly from Sulawesi (44.19%) and western parts of Indonesia (37.21%).
Bashari, H. (2015). Perdagangan burung paruh bengkok di Kawasan Wallacea: Isu-isu penting perdagangan burung paruh bengkok dari Kawasan Wallacea ke luar Indonesia 2004-2014 (Trading on Family of parrots families in Wallacea: Important issues on parrots trading from Wallacea to other countries 2004-2014). Bogor, Indonesia.
Budiman, A. (2014). Pelaksanaan perlindungan satwa langka berdasarkan Undang-undang Nomor 5 tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya: Studi Di Seksi Konservasi Wilayah I Surakarta Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Jawa Tengah (The implementation of Rare Protected Species based on National Law No. 5/1990 on Natural Resource Conservation and Ecosystem: A study in Conservation Division of Surakarta, National Agency for Nature Conservation of Central Java). Gema XXVI, 48, 1372-1380.
Chng, S. C. and J. A. Eaton. (2016). In the market for extinction: Eastern and Central Java (Tech. Rep. No. August). TRAFFIC. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
Chng, S.C., J. A. Krishnasamy, C. R. Shepherd, and V. Nijman. (2015). In the market for extinction: an inventory of Jakarta's bird markets (Tech. Rep). TRAFFIC. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
Cooney, R., A. Kasterine, D. Macmillan, S. Milledge, K. Nossal, D. Roe, S. M. ‘t Sas-Rolfes. (2015). The trade in wildlife: a framework to improve biodiversity and livelihood outcomes. International Trade Centre, Geneva, Switzerland.
Gaulke, M., & Fritz, U. (1998). Distribution patterns of batagurid turtles in the Philippines. Herpetozoa, 11(1/2), 3-12.
Harris, J. B. C., M.W. Tingley, F. Hua, D.L. Yong, J.M. Adeney, T. M. Lee. (2017). Measuring the impact of the pet trade on Indonesian birds. Conservation Biology, 31(2), 394-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12729
Harrison, R.D., R. Sreekar, J.F. Brodie, S. Brook, M. Luskin, H. O’Kelly, M. Rao, B. Scheffers, N. Velho. (2016).Impacts of hunting on tropical forests in Southeast Asia. Impacts of hunting on tropical forests in Southeast Asia. Conservation Biology, 30(5), 972-981. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12785
Hendrie, D.B. (2000). Status and conservation of tortoises and freshwater turtles in Vietnam. Edited by P.P Van Dijk, B.L. Stuart and A.G.J. Rhodin. Turtle Trade: Proceedings of a workshop on conservation and trade of freshwater turtles and tortoises in Asia. Chelonian Research Monograph, 63-73.
International Union for Conservation and Nature (IUCN) (2007). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/5958/0
Latinne, A., S. Saputro, J. Kalengkoan, C.L. Kowel, I. Gaghiwu, T.A. Ransaseleh, M.J. Nangoy, I. Wahyuni, T. Kusumaningrum, D. Safari, Y. Feferholtz, H. Li, (2020). Characterizing and quantifying the wildlife trade network in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Global Ecology and Conservation, 21, e00887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00887
Lee, R.J., A.J. Gorog, A. Dwiyahreni, S. SIwu, J. Riley, H. Alexander, G.D. Paoli, W. Ramono. (2005). . Wildlife trade and implications for law enforcement in Indonesia: a case study from North Sulawesi. Biological Conservation, 123(4), 477-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.009
Lyons, J.A., and D. J.D. Natusch. (2012). Over-stepping the quota? The trade in sugar gliders in West Papua, Indonesia. TRAFFIC Bulletin 24(1),5-6.
McCord, W. P., & Philippen, H. D. (1998). A new subspecies of box turtle, Cuora amboinensis lineata, from northern Myanmar (Burma), with remarks on the distribution and geographic variation of the species. Reptile Hobbyist, 1998(March), 51-58.
Milner-Gulland, E. J., & Clayton, L. (2002). The trade in babirusas and wild pigs in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ecological Economics, 42(1-2), 165-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00047-2
Nijman, V., Shepherd, C. R., & Sanders, K. L. (2012). Over-exploitation and illegal trade of reptiles in Indonesia. The Herpetological Journal, 22(2), 83-89.
Nijman, V.D., A. Ardiansyah, D. Bergin, H. Birot, E. Brown, A. Langgeng, T. Morcatty, D. Spaan, P. Siriwat, M.A. Imron, K. A. I. Nekaris. (2019). Dynamics of illegal wildlife trade in Indonesian markets over two decades, illustrated by trade in Sunda Leopard Cats. Biodiversity, 20(1), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2019.1590236
Phelps, J., E. L. Webb, D. Bickford, V. Nijman, and N. S. Sodhi. (2010). Boosting CITES. Science 330, 1752-1753.
Profauna. (2009). Wildlife trade survey on the bird markets in Java. World animal net. http://worldanimal.net/documents/final-report-bird-market-survey-2009.pdf
Rajagukguk, E. V. (2016). Efektivitas Peraturan Perdagangan Satwa Liar di Indonesia. Jurnal Wawasan Yuridika, 31(2), 216-228.
Rashid, S. M. A., & Khan, S. M. M. H. (2000). Trade and conservation status of freshwater turtles and tortoises in Bangladesh. In Asian Turtle Trade: Proceedings of a Workshop on Conservation and Trade of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises in Asia (No. 2, pp. 77-85). Chelonian Research monographs.
Rentschlar, K. A., Miller, A. E., Lauck, K. S., Rodiansyah, M., Bobby, Muflihati, & Kartikawati. (2018). A silent morning: the songbird trade in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Tropical Conservation Science, 11, 1940082917753909. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082917753909
Salter, R.E. (1993). Wildlife in Lao PDR: A Status Report. The World Conservation Union, IUCN, Vienttiane.
Sheherazade, and S. M. Tsang. (2015), Quantifying the bat bushmeat trade in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, with suggestions for conservation action. Global Ecology and Conservation 3, 324-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.01.003
Shepherd, C. R. (2006). The bird trade in Medan, North Sumatra: an overview. BirdingASIA, 5(2006), 16-24.
Shepherd, C.R., J. Sukumaran, and S. A. Wich. (2004). Open Season: An analysis of the pet trade in Medan, Sumatera 1997-2001. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia; Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
Schoppe, S. (2009). Status, trade dynamics and management of the Southeast Asian Box Turtle in Indonesia. Petaling Jaya , Selangor: TRAFFIC Southeast Asia.
Schoppe, S. and I. Das. (2011). Cuora amboinensis (Riche in Daudin 1801) – Southeast Asian Box Turtle. In Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, by A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., Van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermei Rhodin, 053.1–053.13. (2011). Chelonian Research Monographs.
Thirakhupt, K. and P.P. Vandijk. (1994). Species diversity and conservation of turtles of western Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 42: 207-259.
TRAFFIC. (2008). What's driving the wildlife trade? A review on expert opinion on economic and social drivers of the wildlife trade and trade control efforts in Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, and Vietnam. Discussion Paper: East Asia and Pacific Region Sustainable Development Department, The World Bank. Washington, DC., USA.
World Bank. (2005). Going, Going, Gone...The Illegal Trade in Wildlife in East and Southeast Asia. Discussion Paper: East Asia and Pacific Region, Environment and Social Development Department, The World Bank. Washington, DC., USA.
Copyright (c) 2021 Forest and Society
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access journal which means that all contents is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.
Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the Publisher. An article based on a section from a completed graduate dissertation may be published in Forest and Society, but only if this is allowed by author's(s') university rules. The Editors reserve the right to edit or otherwise alter all contributions, but authors will receive proofs for approval before publication.
Forest and Society operates a CC-BY 4.0 © license for journal papers. Copyright remains with the author, but Forest and Society is licensed to publish the paper, and the author agrees to make the article available with the CC-BY 4.0 license. Reproduction as another journal article in whole or in part would be plagiarism. Forest and Society reserves all rights except those granted in this copyright notice
