Historical Land Use and Land Cover Change of the Lake Tempe Region: A Multi-source Data Landscape Reconstruction
Additional Files
Lake Tempe, situated in the Wajo Regency, is an ancient lake in Indonesia that plays a crucial role in the socio-historical evolution of Southern Sulawesi. The Lontara manuscript, a significant source of regional history, highlights Lake Tempe as a vital resource for adjacent communities. Contemporary narratives of Lake Tempe, however, are overshadowed by recurrent flooding attributed to accelerated sedimentation leading to lake shallowing, which impedes its capacity to manage the inflow from tributary rivers. This study aims to offer a historical perspective by reconstructing the landscape and detailing the evolution of land use and land cover (LU/LC) in the Lake Tempe region, thus enhancing our understanding of the lake's current conditions. We compiled an array of historical and archaeological data, including manuscripts, archival maps, and satellite imagery, spanning the 13th to 20th centuries. Our approach involves historical LU/LC modeling to provide an intricate depiction of the landscape evolution in the Lake Tempe area. Moreover, we presented modeled projections of LU/LC alterations over approximately 86 years (1930-2016). The analysis reveals that pre-20th century landscape dynamics in the region were influenced by several factors: demographic shifts due to local migration, interplay among local elites over natural resource control, and integration into global trade networks from the 13th century onwards. These elements collectively spurred deforestation during periods of agricultural expansion. Starting in the early 20th century, the agricultural development policies of both the Dutch Colonial and the Republic of Indonesia's governments further accelerated land conversion for distinct agricultural purposes. This historical narrative underscores the fact that centuries of anthropogenic activity have been central to the hydrometeorological challenges faced throughout the Lake Tempe region.
Abidin, Z., (1979). Wajo Pada Abad XV-XVI: Suatu Penggalian Sejarah Terpendam Sulawesi Selatan dari Lontara [Doctoral Dissertation]. Universitas Indonesia.
Alfonsina, L., Mas, J. and Valle, N. T., Torres, P. S., & Folan, W. J. (2015). Modeling Historical Land Cover and Land Use: A Review fromContemporary Modeling. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(4), 1791-1812. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijgi4041791
Ambarwulan, W., Yulianto, F., Widiatmaka, W., Rahadiati, A., Tarigan, S. D., Firmansyah, I., & Hasibuan, M. A. S. (2023). Modelling land use/land cover projection using different scenarios in the Cisadane Watershed, Indonesia: Implication on deforestation and food security. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 26(2), 273-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2023.04.002
Aubert, J. M. (1745). “Kaart van Zuid-Celebes, Noordelijk Deel/Map of South Celebes, Northern Part.” Ms on paper. Grote atlas van de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie. Voorburg, Netherlands: Atlas Maior. Nationaal Archief. Accessed at https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/archief/2.14.97/invnr/11.3/file/GAVOC-III%20Dig%20(Pagina%20166)
Axtell, R. L., Epstein, J. M., Dean, J. S., Gumerman, G. J., Swedlund, A. C., Harburger, J., ... & Parker, M. (2002). Population growth and collapse in a multiagent model of the Kayenta Anasazi in Long House Valley. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(suppl_3), 7275-7279. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.092080799
Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 2014. Klasifikasi Penutup Lahan - Bagian 1: Skala Kecil dan Menengah (SNI 7645-1:2014). Jakarta: Badan Standardisasi Nasional Indonesia.
Bellwood, P. (2005). First farmers: The origins of agricultural societies. Blackwell Publishing.
Bithell, M., & Brasington, J. (2009). Coupling agent-based models of subsistence farming with individual-based forest models and dynamic models of water distribution. Environmental Modelling & Software, 24(2), 173-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2008.06.016
BPS Kabupaten Wajo. (n.d). Curah Hujan Stasiun Ongkoe (Milimeter), 2017-2018. Retrieved from https://wajokab.bps.go.id/indicator/151/85/1/curah-hujan-stasiun-ongkoe.html (Accessed February 2, 2024)
Bulbeck, D., & Caldwell, I. (2008). Oryza sativa and the origins of kingdoms in South Sulawesi, Indonesia: Evidence from rice husk phytoliths. Indonesia and the Malay World, 36(104), 1-20. http://doi.org/10.1080/13639810802016117
Bulbeck, D., & Caldwell, I. (2000). Land of iron: The historical archaeology of Luwu and the Cenrana Valley: Results of the origin of complex society in South Sulawesi Project (OXIS). Centre for South-East Asian Studies, University of Hull.
Bulbeck, D., Caldwell, I., Druce, S., Hakim, B., & Macknight, C. (2018). Imported tradeware ceramics and their relevance for dating socio-political developments in South Sulawesi, with special reference to the Allangkanangnge ri Latanete site. In O’Connor, S., Bulbeck, D., & Meyer, J. (Eds.), The Archaeology of Sulawesi: Current Research on the Pleistocene to the Historic Period (pp. 269-286).
Caldwell, I. (1988). South Sulawesi A. D. 1300-1600: Ten Bugis Texts. [Doctoral Dissertation] The National University of Australia.
Caldwell, I. (1995). Power, state and society among the pre-Islamic Bugis. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde/ Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 151(3), 394-421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-9000 3038
Caldwell, I., & Lillie, M. (2004). Manuel Pinto’s inland sea: Using palaeo-environmental techniques to assess historical data from South Sulawesi. In Keates, S. G., & Pasveer, J. M. (Eds.), Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia (Volume 18): Quaternary Research in Indonesia (pp. 259-272). CRC Press.
Caldwell, I., & Wellen, K. (2017). Finding Cina: A new paradigm for early Bugis history. Bijdragen tot de taal-, land-en volkenkunde/Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 173(2-3), 296-324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134 379-17302004
Cholik, F., & Anggraeni, M. S. (1994). Research and needs for integrated management of Lake Tempe presented in AARD/FAO National Workshop on sustainable development of Lake Tempe basin, Ujung Pandang, Indonesia, 4-7 July 1994. Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia.
CNN Indonesia. (2018). BPS, Sebut Luas Lahan Pertanian Kian Menurun. CNN. Accessed on January 12, 2024 from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi /20181025153705-92-341433/bps-sebut-luas-lahan-pertanian-kian-menurun
De Klerk, L.G. (1983). Zeespiegels, riffen en kustvlakten in Zuidwest-Sulawesi, Indonesia: Een morfogenetisch – bodemkundige studie (Sea levels, reefs and coastal plains of Southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia: A morphogenetic-pedological study’. On the Holocene evolution of the Spermonde Archipelago coral reefs and adjacent SW Sulawesi coastal region) [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Utrecht.
Deng, Z., Hung, H., Carson, M. T., Oktaviana, A. A., Hakim, B., & Simanjuntak, T. (2020). Validating earliest rice farming in the Indonesian Archipelago. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67747-3
Dharmiasih, W. (2020). Cultural Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific: Re-focusing UNESCO Designation on Community Participation. Forest and Society, 4(2), 271-279. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v4i2.10028
Diessen, J. R. van, Günter Schilder, G. J. Knaap, A. G. de Roever, Bea Brommer, Jos J. L. Gommans, and Isaac de Graaff. (2006). “Grote atlas van de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie.” Voorburg, Netherlands: Atlas Maior.
Druce, S. (2014). Dating the tributary and domain lists of the South Sulawesi kingdoms. In Ampuan Haji Brahim bin Ampuan Haji Tengah (Ed.), Cetusan minda sarjana: Sastera dan budaya (pp. 145-156). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Druce, S. (2009). The lands west of the lakes: A history of the Ajattappareng kingdoms of South Sulawesi 1200 to 1600 CE. KITLV Press.
Mahmud, I., Bulbeck, D., & Druce, S. (2005). A transitional Islamic Bugis cremation in Bulubangi, South Sulawesi: Its historical and archaeological context. RIMA: Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, 39(1), 1-22.
Duli, A. (2010). Peranan Tosora Sebagai Pusat Pemerintahan Kerajaan Wajo Abad XVI-XIX. WALENNAE: Jurnal Arkeologi Sulawesi Selatan dan Tenggara, 12(2), 143-158. https://doi.org/10.24832/wln.v12i2.237
Eastman, J. (2020). TerSet Manual: Geospatial Monitoring and Modelling System. Clarks Labs, 206–219. https://clarklabs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Terrse
Elvin, M. (1973). The Pattern of the Chinese Past: A Social and Economic Interpretation. Standford University Press.
Fadillah, M. A., Mahmud, M. I., & Hakim, B. (2020). The Core of Wajo Confederation: Archaeological Survey in Tosora, Cinnotabi and Lamasewanua. WALENNAE: Jurnal Arkeologi Sulawesi Selatan dan Tenggara, 18(2), 131-148. https://doi.org/10.24832/wln.v18i2.496
Fuller, D. Q. (2011). Finding plant domestication in the Indian subcontinent. Current Anthropology, 52(S4), S347-S362. https://doi.org/10.1086/658900
Giesen, W., Baltzer, M., Baruadi, R. (1991). Integrating conservation with Land Use development in wetlands of South Sulawesi. Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation: Asian Wetland Bureau (AWB)-Indonesia. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.35974.63045
Glover, I. C. (1985). Some problems relating to the domestication of rice in Asia. In Misra & Bellwood (Eds.), Recent advances in Indo-Pacific prehistory (pp. 265-274). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004644472_041
Gremmen, W. H. E. (1990). Palynological investigations in the Danau Tempe depression, southwest Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia. Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia, 11, 123-134.
Gross, B. L., & Zhao, Z. (2014). Archaeological and genetic insights into the origins of domesticated rice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(17), 6190-6197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1308942110
Hasanuddin, nfn. (2017). Situs-situs Megalitik di Kabupaten Wajo, Sulawesi Selatan. Kapata Arkeologi, 13(1), 83-94. https://doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v13i1.395
Ina-Geoportal. (n.d). Peta RBI. Accessed from https://tanahair.indonesia.go.id/portal-web/
Jiang, L., (2005). The Shangshan Neolitic site in Pujiang County, Zhejing: New evidence of rice civilization in the lower Yangtze River region (in Chinese). Gudai Wenming Yanjiu Zhongxin Tongxun, 7, 51-55.
Kern, R.A. (1989). I La Galigo: Cerita Bugis Kuno. Gadjah Mada University Press.
Khush G. S. (1997) Origin, Dispersal, Cultivation and Variation of Rice. Plant Molecular Biology, 35, 25-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005810616885
Lambin, E. F., Geist, H. J., & Lepers, E. (2003). Dynamics of land-use and land-cover change in tropical regions. Annual review of environment and resources, 28(1), 205-241. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105459
Latif, A. (2012). Konfederasi Ajatappareng 1812-1906, Sejarah Sosiopolitik Orang Bugis di Sulawesi Selatan [Doctoral Disseration]. Universitas Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Luce, G. H. (1940). Everyday Life of the Early Burman. Journal of the Burma Research Society, 30(i), 283-335.
Macknight, C. (1983). The Rise of Agriculture in South Sulawesi Before 1600. Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs 17 , 92-116.
Mahmud, M. I. (2001). Awal Mula Wajo dan Aspek Ruang Situs Inti Wajo Abad XV-XIX Masehi. WALENNAE: Jurnal Arkeologi Sulawesi Selatan dan Tenggara, 4(2), 47-60. https://doi.org/10.24832/wln.v4i2.131
Mansyur, S., Fadillah, M.A., Ihsan, N., Somba, N., Hasrianti, H., Mulyadi, A., Hamado, H. (2022). Landscape of Pre-Islamic Beliefs: The Rise of Agriculture and Bugis Diaspora. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, Vol. 660. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220408.030
Mulyani, A., Kuncoro, D., Nursyamsi, D., & Agus, F. (2016). Analisis konversi lahan sawah: Penggunaan data spasial resolusi tinggi memperlihatkan laju konversi yang mengkhawatirkan. Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim, 40(2), 121-133.
Murdaningsih, W., Munibah, K., & Ambarwulan, W. (2017). Analisis spasial perubahan penggunaan lahan pertanian untuk mendukung kemandirian pangan di Kabupaten Indramayu. Majalah Ilmiah Globe, 19(2), 175-184.
Nationaal Archief. (1752). Kaart van een gedeelte van de Westkust, tusschen R. Labakang en de Baay van Para Para, en aan de Oostkust tusschen R. Kayoe en de Hoek Tjipoe. Manuscript map by Jean Michiel Aubert. Verzameling Buitenlandse Kaarten Leupe, 4.VEL, inv.nr. 1301. The Hague: Nationaal Archief. https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/archief/4.VEL/invnr/1301/file/NL-HaNA_4.VEL_1301, accessed May 8, 2025.
Nganro, S., Trisutomo, S., Barkey, R., Ali, M., Imura, H., Onishi, A., ... & Mahamud, M. A. (2021). Prediction of Future Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) in Makassar City. Tataloka, 23(2), 183-189. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.23.2.183-189
Nugraha, M. F. I., Julzarika, A., Radjamuddin, A., Reflinur, R., Yunita, R., Enggarini, W., & Novita, H. (2019). Study of aquatic plants and ecological- physics Lake Tempe, Sulawesi Selatan. Torani Journal of Fisheries and Marine Science, 2(2), 105-115. https://doi.org/10.35911/torani.v2i2.7060
Oldemann, L.R. and Darmiyati, S., (1977). An agroclimatic map of Sulawesi. Contr. Centr. Res. lnst. Agric. Bogor60: 1-32.
Oldeman, L. R., & Darmiyati, S. (1977). The agroclimatic map of Sulawesi, scale 1: 2,500,000. Contr. Centre. Res. Inst. Agric. Bulletin, 60, 1-32.
Pelras, C. (1983). Sulawesi Selatan sebelum datangnya Islam Berdasarkan Kesaksian Bangsa Asing. Dalam Citra Masyarakat Indonesia. Sinar Harapan & Archipel.
Pelras, C. (2006). Manusia Bugis [Translated by Abdul Rahman Abu, Hasriadi, Nurhady Sirimorok]. Nalar and Forum Jakarta-Paris.
Redman, C. L. (1990). Los orígenes de la civilización. Crítica, 276.
Redman, C. L. (1999). Human impact on ancient environments. University of Arizona Press.
Reid, A., (1995). Humans and Forests in Pre-colonial Southeast Asia. Environment and History, 1(1), 93-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734095779522717
RePPProT, (1988). The Land Resources of Indonesia: A National Overview Main Report. United Kingdom-ODA NRI, Ditjen Pankim, Department of Transmigration.
Santoso, P. B. K., Widiatmaka, W., Supiham, S., Machfud, M., & Rusastra, I. W. (2017). Analisis pola konversi lahan sawah dan struktur hubungan penyebab dan pencegahannya (Studi kasus Kabupaten Subang, Provinsi Jawa Barat). Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, 7(2), 184-194. https://doi.org/ 10.29244/jpsl.7.2.184-194
Satu Data Pemerintah Kota Parepare. (April 16, 2021). Curah Hujan di Kota Parepare Tahun 2016-2020. Retrieved from https://satudata.pareparekota.go.id/index.php/2021/04/16/curah-hujan-di-kota-parepare-tahun-2016-2020/ (Accessed February 2, 2024)
Saxena, A., Prasad, V., Singh, I. B., Chauhan, M. S., & Hasan, R. (2006). On the Holocene record of phytoliths of wild and cultivated rice from Ganga Plain: evidence for rice-based agriculture. Current Science, 90(11), 1547-1552. https://www.jstor. org/stable/24091834
Sudrajat, J., Suyatno, A., Oktoriana, S., (2021). Land-Use Changes and Food Insecurity around Oil Palm Plantations: Evidence at the Village Level. Forest and Society, 5(2), 352-364. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v5i2.11376
Sulistiyo, R. B., & Fakhri. (2023). Malacofauna from Cappa Lombo Site: Environmental Reconstruction and Subsistence Strategies of The Bontocani Highland Karst Region, South Sulawesi. Kalpataru, 32(1), 47-62. https://doi.org/10.55981/kpt. 2023.1045
Supriatna, S., Hashilah, F., Mukhtar, M.K., Wardani, K.K., (2022). Determinant of Land Use Change in South Kalimantan: An Evidence from Banjarbaru City and Banjar Regency. Forest and Society, 6(1), 422-435. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i1. 18469
Surazakov, A., & Aizen, V. (2010). Positional accuracy evaluation of declassified Hexagon KH-9 mapping camera imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 76(5), 603-608. https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.76.5.603
Susanti, Y., Syafrudin, Helmi, M. (2020). Analisa Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan di Daerah Aliran Sungai Serayu Hulu dengan Penginderaan Jauh dan Sistem Informasi Geografis. Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi, 13(1), 23-30. https://doi.org/10.20961/bioedukasi-uns.v13i1.37825
Suyono, S., & Kusnama, K. (2010). Stratigraphy and Tectonics of the Sengkang Basin, South Sulawesi. Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, 5(1), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.17014/ijog.5.1.1-11
Syahriwati, A., (2004). Zonasi Sebaran Sedimen Danau Tempe Bagian Timur, Kecamatan Tanasitolo, Kabupaten Wajo, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan [Bachelor Thesis]. Universitas Hasanuddin.
Tewari, R., Srivastava, R. K., Saraswat, K. S., Singh, I. B., & Singh, K. K. (2008). Early farming at Lahuradewa. Pragdhara, 18, 347-373.
Tewari, R., Srivastava, R. K., Singh, K. K., Saraswat, K. S., and Singh, I. B. (2003). Preliminaru report of the excavation at Lahuradewa, District Sant Kabir Nagar, U.P. 2001-2002. Wider archaeological implications. Pragdhara 13, 37 - 68
Topographische Inrichting. (1921-1931). Gouvt. Celebes en Onderh (Gouvernement Celebes en Onderhorighedeni). Accessed from https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-234014610/view
Unesco Word Heritage Convention. (2022). World Heritage Convention Cultural Heritage Nominated by People's Republic of China: Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces. Unesco Word Heritage Convention.
United States Geological Survei (USGS). (n.d). Satellite Imagery of South Sulawesi. Accessed from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
van Bemmelen, RW. (1949). The Geology of Indonesia. Government Printing Office.
Verawaty, I., Widiatmaka, & Firmansyah, I. (2023). Modeling of land-use and cover changes (LUCC) in Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, 13(2), 237-251. https://doi.org/ 10.29244/jpsl.13.2.237-251
Wahyuni, S., Guchi, H., & Hidayat, B. (2014). Analisis perubahan penggunaan lahan dan penutupan lahan tahun 2003 dan 2013 di Kabupaten Dairi. Jurnal Agroekoteknologi Universitas Sumatera Utara, 2(4), 100734. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.32734/jaet.v2i4.8420
Whitten, T., Henderson, G. S., and Mustafa, M., (1978). The Ecology of Sulawesi: The Ecology of Indonesia Series Vol. IV (1st Edition). Gajah Mada University Press.
Yang, Y., Zhang, S., Yang, J., Chang, L. Bu, K., Xing, X., (2014). A review of historical reconstruction methods of Land Use/land Cover. Journal of Geographical Sciences 24(4), 746-766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-014-1117-z
Zhan, G., & Jin, Z. (2015). Hani rice terraces of honghe-the harmonious landscape of nature and humans. Landscape Research, 40(6), 655-667. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/01426397.2015.1060299
Zhang, Y., Min, Q., Jiao, W., and Liu, M., (2016). Values and Conservation of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System as a GIAHS Site. Journal of Resources and Ecology 7(3), 197-204. https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2016.03.007
Copyright (c) 2025 Forest and Society
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access journal which means that all contents is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.
Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the Publisher. An article based on a section from a completed graduate dissertation may be published in Forest and Society, but only if this is allowed by author's(s') university rules. The Editors reserve the right to edit or otherwise alter all contributions, but authors will receive proofs for approval before publication.
Forest and Society operates a CC-BY 4.0 © license for journal papers. Copyright remains with the author, but Forest and Society is licensed to publish the paper, and the author agrees to make the article available with the CC-BY 4.0 license. Reproduction as another journal article in whole or in part would be plagiarism. Forest and Society reserves all rights except those granted in this copyright notice
